2)second page, title, 115, constantly talking about it throughout the article, especially in beginning and in conclusion of article,

3a) grand canal provide Chinese with a life line of food supported there nation

3b)Shipping on water was one third of the cost of shipping on land which supported his argument

3c)Emperor had to be good at controlling the canal, loosing control would be devastating for china, meaning for the word politics in china was derived from "flood control"

2.) It is the main argument because it is reflected in each part of the paper, in the paper it explains why China has become a preindustrial civilization from the water engineering. The main argument does appear in the conclusion, however Solomon restates it in a way that is more specific and more detail. It is on page 116/117.

3.) Solomon defends the argument by giving examples of China's water engineering and how it has helped them industrialize.

• "The completion of the New Grand Canal proved to be the decisive turning point that enabled China to make its history changing policy U-turn and cut off from the rest of the world." (Pg 24). It talks about the water engineering into going to talk about how it affected them in a good way, helping their agricultural influence. The government used this to their advantage to stop the private trading.

• "The national Grand Canal waterway transport network also gave powerful impetus to China's rice-farming revolution (eighth to twelfth centuries), one of the decisive events in Far Eastern history" (Pg 16). It talks about how the Grand Canal was able to help revolutionize rice-farming in China, further giving more information on how water engineering was able to help industrialize China.

• "As a result of the canal, water transport became many times less costly, at least one-third less than shipping by land" (Pg 15). This shows another way that the canal was able to help China industrialize because it talks about how it made their shipping cheaper, making things less costly.

1: The main argument is that China was the first "advanced" civilization with agriculture and farming, and after they were no longer able to trade and with the Opium War they fell behind. Their water system was incredibly advanced as well. It appears on page 24.

2: It does appear in the conclusion a little bit, talking about the defeat in the Opium War, which rendered publically demised China, making it visible to the war that China no longer had the resources they once had. It appears on page 26.

3: The first example is that he compares China to Rome, but that China has a more advanced agricultural system than Rome does, and on page 8 it talks about the "magic canal" that they made, which conjoined two rivers and covered 1,250 miles and was the first of its kind to exist. On page 12 is the first example of China's decline, and how the silk roads closed for the first time in years, which lowered the defenses of the country. And finally in the conclusion, he talks about how the defeat in the Opium wars makes China's decline very obvious.

2. The article's main focus is on the innovations of Chinese dynasties that aided their industries across many centuries. This is mentioned throughout the passage when discussing different eras of ancient China. The argument also appears in the conclusion on page 117, where the author wrote about the modern revival of the water infrastructures.

3. The author defends this argument by providing specific examples of innovative development used by the dynasties to improve their agriculture and infrastructure. On page 106, the author wrote about the improvement of the shipping systems with the creation of the pound locks, which made docking and leaving much more efficient. Another example is the use of iron tools, which allowed the creation of new weaponry and improved their irrigation systems for farming. The last example is the use of the waterwheel to pound iron shapes, crush ores, and hull rice. The waterwheel improved industrial efficiency throughout the country and was used for centuries before Europe's industrial revolution.

1. The authors's main argument is about economical advancement of Chinese empires use of water which can be found on page one.

2. In the paper it mostly talks about the control of water, how they used it, and how they creating dams and canals to control water use. An example of this can be found on page 7 where it talks about how they manipulated size of channels of water to stop flooding and get better irrigation for crops.

3. a. This is supported by the fact that before China closed off its connections to the outside world, it was shows to be the most modern and civilized.

b. It gave lots of food and a life line to other small towns and transports troops and other goods.

c. Once they closed off their gates it showed off how important it was because China fell behind technologically and this is shown in page 25 where it talks about the mobile British gun boat, and how china was so far behind.

1. Steven Solomon’s main argument is that the development of the Grand Canal was a foundational factor in China’s long-term political unity, economic integration, and civilizational strength.

2. In the conclusion (pg 117) Solomon says, " The revival of the Grand Canal and other major water infrastructure, reminiscent of the restoration of new dynasties, began with the coming to power after a Japanese occupation and long civil war...". This proves that the author believed that the upcoming of the Grand Canal was lethal in the rise up of China.

3. One way the author defends this argument (pg 97) he says, "The outer channel also provided navigability. Later, in medieval times, Li Bing flowing Min River canals in the plains found additional employment turning thousands of water wheels to hull and grind rice, and to power textile spinning and weaving machinery." This brings up the number of people and just his quantitative details strengthening his main argument. Another example, is when Solomon (pg 93) said, " The Grand Canal was so successful because it bridged China's underlying hydrological fault line: north China's chronic insufficiency of accessible freshwater resources to fully irrigate its superabundance of rich soil to achieve its maximum food growing potential..." This proves that the Grand Canal helped China reach optimal food sufficiency. The last piece of evidence for the argument is (pg 94) “Gradual desiccation and Chinese advances in water direction, terracing, drainage, and other wet rice irrigation techniques gradually transformed the region into prosperous farmland. “ This helps show that creating more farmland creates more produce for the country, which causes less famine and hunger.

3. He compares the success of China's hydraulic state to the success of Rome. He says that although they do not function similarly, China was still able to prosper during this time period because of their genius. Solomon discusses the monopoly advantage that China had over its neighbors. He goes into detail about how they are able to use their rivers and other bodies of water to efficiently export silk. He argued that this gave them economic power over other countries at the time. He talks briefly about their usage of port cities and how they were able to use these ports and their advanced aquatic devices to control most shipping networks in the region.