INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY

                                CLAUDIA PATRICIA SUMOZA ALFARO
                                                ID Code: 128.053.315

                                                    PRESENTED TO:

                                                               Tutor

                                                           Group: 551019_1

         TEACHING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE PROGRAM (LILE)
                            CCAV-ROBERTO DE JESÚS SALAZAR RAMOS

                                        CARTAGENA DE INDIAS, D.T. Y C.
                                                       OCTOBER 18^TH, 2017

It was name by August Schleicher in 1859 and it can be defined as the linguistic subfield which primarily studies the word origins, formation (inflection, derivation, compounding, categorization, clipping, conversion, reduplication, etc.), as well as their internal structures, identification, representation and the different ways how words systematically correlated with each other in the language.

It refers on the smallest unit of meaning in language grammar. It can be a word or just a part of a word that cannot be subdivided into smaller components.

Free: A free  morpheme (also called unbound) stands isolated with a precise and explicit meaning. 
E.g. Dog, duck, house, date.

Bound: On the contrary, a bound morpheme cannot stand alone. It includes affixes (prefixes and suffixes) .
E.g. misunderstanding, prehistoric, constructivism.

Root: It is a morpheme which other word expand and augment through the condensation of affixes (prefixes and suffixes) Root words can present different meanings.
E.g. 

-bio- (G)- Biology, biodegradable (life)

-phon- (G)-Telephone, microphone (sound)

Stem: It regards to the form of a single word before an affixed joined. In other words, it just the root of a word, which can be intelligible or not.

E.g. reduce, deduce. Both words  can be analyzed into two parts, -duce,

Prefixes (“re” and “de” )

Derivational morpheme: It is an affix added to a word to produce a new one and it changes its grammatical category.

E.g.
Beauty (noun)  - beautiful (affix added-suffix) (it becomes an adjective)

Play (verb)- playful (affix added-suffix) (it becomes an adjective)

Inflectional morpheme: It is a suffix added to a word to charge a particular grammatical attribute to that word.

E.g. -s (or -es); 's (or s'); -ed; -en; -er; -est; and -ing.

 

A prefix is a type of affix which goes before a Word (root or steem) to generate a new word (new sense and connotation)

E.g
Determine – predetermine -predetermined.
Spell-spelled-misspelled.

A suffix is a type of affix which goes after a word (root or steem) to produce a new word (new sense and connotation)

E.g Wonder-wonderful-wonderfully

E.g.

Number can be defined and divided into two forms (also well-known as "values"):

Singular (only one)
E.g. The cat is drinking some milk.

From this example we can say:

Plural (more than one).
E.g. The cats are drinking some milk.

From this example we can say:

However, there are some exceptions:

E.g

 
In addition, there are two types of nouns:

Countable nouns: Are composed by individual people, objects, animals, ideas, activities, that we can easily count.
E.g.

Uncountable nouns: Anything that cannot be counted.
E.g.

GENDER: It is mainly considered as a pronoun property (a noun class system) to differentiate sexes.

Gender can be: Feminine, masculine, and neuter.

Feminine: It denotes females.
E.g. The woman drives her car.

We can say:

Other words for feminine gender:  girl, woman, goddess, lady, mother, waitress, etc.

Masculine: It denotes males.
E.g. The gorilla goes out to hunt.

We can say:

A: George is really upset.
B: Why?

A: He lost his wallet.

We can say:                                                                              

Other words for masculine gender: boy, he, tiger, god, actor, prince, etc.

Neuter: It is used to everything else.
E.g. Intelligence, childhood, gold, silver, etc.

PERSON: This grammar category shows how the subject and the verbs (action verbs) interact each other into a clause and how the person (also often called personal pronouns) works as a first, second, and third person.

First person (The subject speaks about itself. In other words, the speaker) 

E.g.
·         Singular form-(I ) – I do not speak Japanese. / Am I your boss?

·         Plural form- (We)- We enjoy living near the beach.  /We are not forced to park here. Aren’t we?

Second person (subject is being spoken. In other words, the addressee.)

E.g.
·         Singular form- (You)- You and your cat get away from here!

·         Plural form- (You)- You are not my best students. You are always late!

Third person (subject is being spoken. In other words, a different individual subject or party)

E.g.
·         Singular form- He, she, it -He is my grandfather. His name is Michael. /She travels to Perú at midnoon. / It is a golden fish. 

·         Plural form-They- They did not pay the bills yesterday. 

 
CASE: It is defined as a grammar category which pertains to nouns and pronouns. In addition, this is a grammar category that makes explicit the semantic roles in a sentence.

There are different types of case in English:

Nominative case: (Nouns or pronouns work as subject of the sentence)
E.g. 

Genitive case: (Adjective possessives are used to indicate ownership or possession)
E.g. 

Objective case: Nouns and pronouns function either the direct or indirect object in the sentence.
E.g. 

Vocative case: In this case, generally a person is being addressed directly.
E.g. 

A: You
B: Me?

A: Yes, you! Get out of here!

DEGREE: Also called degrees of comparison, is considered a grammar category when some expressions work as gradable modifiers of any other one. Degrees are used before adverbs and adjectives.

Degrees can be subdivided in three terms:

Positives: Often express a quality.
E.g. 

Comparatives: Express a similar or equal measure, gradation or extension between two things.
E.g. 

Superlatives: Express a high measure, gradation or extension in one of the things compared. 
E.g. 

DEFINITENESS: This grammar category indicates the identifiability proper of the subject in the sentence. There are two subdivisions for definiteness.

Indefinite articles: For singular nouns, we use “a” (if it starts with a consonant sound) and “an” (if it begins with a vowel sound)

E.g. 

For plural we use the expression “some”

E.g. 

Definite articles: To define something we use the expression “The”. It can be joined with singular, plural, and non-countable nouns.
E.g. 

TENSE: This grammar category make basically emphasis in action’s time event. 

Events can be:

·         Simple present tense  -She plays tennis every Sunday.

·         Simple past tense – She played tennis yesterday morning.

·         Simple future tense- She will play tennis next month.

·         Future in the past-She would played tennis with her sisters.

·         Present perfect tense- She has played tennis in the park.

·         Past perfect tense-She had played tennis before.

·         Future perfect tense-By this Monday, she will have played tennis with her sisters.

·         Present  continuous tense- She is playing tennis in the park.

·         Past continuous tense-She was playing tennis with her sisters.

·         Future continuous tense-She will be playing tennis.

ASPECT- Aspect regards on a verb form which indicates the time of any action. It can be expressed using verb phrases and particles. Aspects are used to indicate if an action is completed or not.

There are four types of aspects:

MOOD: It is an indication of the speaker’s attitude towards what is he or she talking about (sentence’s description). Moods is expressed through sentence’s verbs.

There are three types of mood:

Indicative: It is the mood of factual statements.
E.g. 

Imperative: It is used for direct commands, orders, and requests.
E.g.                              

Subjunctive: It shows doubts, wishes, dreams, etc. In this mood modal verb are used as auxiliaries.
E.g. It might be difficult to go there.

VOICE: It is a grammar category in which the subject role is expressed in terms of active or passive semantic functions.

Types of voice:

Active voice- The subject is an actor or doer of the action.
E.g. 

Passive voice-The subject receives the action effect denoted by the verb.
E.g. 

 

 

PARAPHASE-It can be defined as a repetition or recapitulation of a text in a different way to simplify its meaning. Paraphrasing can be done with singular sentences or completed paragraphs.
E.g. 

ENTAILMENT-It also well-known as strict implication. A second sentence (or result) can be inferred from a first given sentence. It means, the veracity of the second sentence is directly provided by the first one.
E.g. The King was crowned. -The king was ascended.

INCLUSION-A sequence sentence circumscribe logically other one.

E.g. I like creative writing. Lyric poetry, prose, verses are such amazing.

CONTRADICTION- It refers on a  sentence sequence with logical incompatibility.
E.g. She was casualty sick. 

ANOMALY-It is a semantic phenomenon in which meanings are not compatible with the words.
E.g 

LEXICAL AMBIGUITY-Words can acquire different meanings according to the context.
E.g. He lost his dead. (Fatal death or metaphorical elucidation)

DENOTATION-It is the exact definition of a word. (Literal meaning)
E.g A rose in the garden. (A plant, a flower)        

CONNOTATION-It consists on the assertive and the adverse association that one word carries. (Emotional meaning)
E.g. A rose in the garden. (A beautiful woman in that place)

POLYSEMY-It is considered the multiple meaning association, it means, a word or expression can possess various meanings. 
E.g.      

HOMONYMY-It consists in two words or expression with the same spelling but different meanings.
E.g. 

MERONYMY-It regards on a word or expression which represents itself a part of something extend (a part-whole relation)
E.g. 

PRESUPPOSITION-It can be defined as all the possible assumptions considered by the orator (speaker) to be already known by the addresse.
E.g. 

 

 

 

Available at 

 

    McCabe, A. (2011). ‘Language and Mind’, Chapter 4 in An Introduction to Linguistics and Language Studies. London: Equinox Publishing Ltd. pp. 169-231. 

Available at 

 

    Tokar, A. (2012). ‘Basic concepts’, Chapter 1 in Introduction to English Morphology. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang AG. pp. 1-24.  

Available at