According to the article show that Social cohesion involves the interpersonal dynamics and sense of connection among people. Increased social cohesion can be associated with various physical and psychological health benefits.

The presence of urban green spaces can encourage positive social interactions that cultivate social cohesion in ways that enhance health and well-being. Urban green spaces have also been linked to positive health behaviors and outcomes including increased physical activity and social engagement. There have a relationship between social cohesion and urban green space that is important for informing holistic approaches to health.  The article show a positive interactions in urban green space can catalyze social cohesion, social capital and critical health-promoting behaviors that may enhance psychological health and well-being.

 

 

Transportation investments have the potential to substantially improve health, directly and indirectly affecting the rates of non-communicable diseases, and other adverse health and environmental outcomes. Strategies that promote active transportation not only can reduce levels of sedentary behavior, but also reduce traffic-related injuries and fatalities, reduce emissions of traffic-related air pollutants, and increase access to health-promoting destinations (Boehmer et al., 2017).

 

Eight indicators (access, density, connectivity, land use mix, transport infrastructure, safety, aesthetics, and green spaces) were identified through this review to be relevant for health and transport planning.

 

Overall, this literature review lends support to calls for interventions to change the built environments of cities and neighborhoods in ways that promote walking and improve population health. 

1) Physical environment

2) Good environments at home, work, and play

3) Facility services and well-maintained outdoor environments, street cleaning and sufficient lighting

4) Social functions with norms, values, and a degree of community integration

5) Self-esteem of the residents depending on who moves in and out.

 

There are 3 different approaches to promote neighbourhood safety. 

1. Environmental approach which includes situational crime prevention techniques and broader urban planning initiatives as well as modification of the physical environment to reduce the opportunities for crime to occur. 

2. Social approach, which focuses on the underlying social and economic causes of crime in the community (e.g. lack of social cohesion, limited access to housing, unemployment, poor education and health services).

3. Criminal justice approach, which refers to various programs delivered by the police, the courts and correctional institutions that aim to prevent recidivism among those people who have already engaged in offending behavior. Therefore, based on the literature review, it has shown that the community safety is an important issue to bring about the quality of living.

Research shows that increased access to healthy foods corresponds with healthier dietary practices.

Lower rates of obesity and diabetes were found in areas with increased access to healthy foods and a higher density of full–service restaurants and grocery stores.

Individuals without a vehicle or access to convenient public transportation, or who do not have food venues with healthy choices within walking distance, have limited access to foods that support healthy eating patterns.

A barrier to accessibility of healthy food choices is living in a “food desert.” In food deserts, food sources are lacking or limited, particularly in low income areas that are more also likely to have a higher share of convenience stores and small food markets.

Affordability also influences access to foods that support healthy eating patterns. low–income groups tend to rely on foods that are cheap and convenient to access, but are low in nutrient density. In neighborhoods without supermarkets, residents likely face higher prices for many healthy foods, because small stores typically charge more for items such as fresh produce

 

Policy decisions can be made and grounded in the lived experience of communities and community activists while also respecting the importance of broadly applicable policy developed by professional policymakers.

 

While policy is typically addressed from the top-down, this project aims to emphasize the value of engaging with local communities and including them in the process of creating and building housing policy. By prioritizing communities first and foremost, it is possible to build understandings that can then be operationalized at different levels of governance.