Mesopotamia is located in Fertile Crescent.

Mesopotamia civilization started in 12,000 BC.

The floods of Euphrate River and Tigris River brought silt to the hunters living in Mesopotamia, so agriculture became an important part in Mesopotamian civilization.

The people in Mesopotamia used irrigation to control floods, such as canals.

The irrigation made farming in Mesopotamia easy, so it caused food surplus.

Food in Mesopotamia is enough, so the people can have different jobs, which is also known as division of labors.

Sargon was the ruler of Akkadian Empire.

It is the first empire in the world.

The empire stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea.

The Akkadian Empire had a permanent army.

Sargon's soldiers defeated all the city-states of Sumer and gain control.

Sargon ruled his empire for more than 50 years.

The empire only lasted for about a century after Sargon died.

Hittites was a strong Kingdom located in Asia Minor.

The first people to master ironworking.

They skillfully use chariots in battles.

They captured Babylon in 1595.

It conquered the Mesopotamian.

It was located on the Euphrates.

Babylon had once been a Sumerian city-state.

Babylon became independent at 1800 BC.

Hammurabi became the king of Babylon in 1792 BC.

Hammurabi created the Hammurabi Code.

The civilization collapsed after Hammurabi Died.

Sumerians developed the world's first civilization.

They settled in Mesopotamia at about 3000 BC.

The basic political unit of Sumer was the city-state.

The city-states fought each other to gain more farmland.

They practiced polytheism, and they believed gods governed almost every aspect of their life.

They developed a social hierarchy, which was the division of society by classes.

The people built ziggurats as their religious center.

Sumer had professional writers, also known as scribes.

Sumerian developed the first system of writing, called cuneiforms.

Phoenicians located in the western end of the fertile crescent.

It created a wealthy trading society.

The territory was often ruled by foreign governments.

The Phoenicians were largely urban people.

Phoenician was known for its glass-made items and purple fabric.

Phoenicians created alphabet.

Ancient Egyptian civilization started in 12,000 BC.

It located in the Nile Valley.

There were two parts of ancient Egypt : Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt.

Lower Egypt located in the Nile Delta, and it was the northern part of Egypt.

Upper Egypt located beside the Nile River, and it was the southern part of Egypt.

There was more settlement in Lower Egypt because the Nile Delta brought more silt when floods happened.

The cataracts in the Nile River made sailing on the Nile difficult.

The Nile provided fishes, water, and silt for Egyptians.

Egyptians used silt to farm and irrigation to control the flow of the Nile.

The farmers in Egypt grew wheat, barley, vegetables, and fruits as food. They also raised livestock like sheep and cattle, and they caught fishes in the Nile as food.

The natural barriers like sea, desert, and cataracts made Egypt hard to invade.

The farms grew into villages over time, and wealthy farmers became village leaders. Stronger leaders gained control of several villages, so the two kingdoms--- which is also known as Upper and Lower Egypt--- formed.

Pe was the capital of Lower Egypt, and Nekken was the capital of Upper Egypt.

Assyrians briefly gained control of Babylon in 1200 BC.

They took 300 years to regain strength after their empire in Babylon was overrun by invaders.

They started to conquer all of Mesopotamia and Egypt in 900 BC.

They had a strong army that were fierce in battle.

They collected taxes, enforced laws, and raised troops.

Their empire was overran by the Chaldeans in 612 BC

The Kush developed at South of Egypt along the Nile

The capital of Kush was Kerma

The Kushites sent the Egyptians ebony, which isa type of dark, heavy wood, and ivory, a white material taken from elephant tusks.

As Kush grew wealthy from trade, its army grew stronger well

The Old Kingdom had a forest to protect them from invaders.

The Egyptians believed that pharaoh was sent by gods to rule Egypt (theocracy).

There were about 2 million people living in the kingdom.

They practiced polytheism.

They built pyramids.

They believed in afterlife(ka).

Menes was the first pharaoh, which means he was the first one who unified Upper and Lower Egypt.

Menes rose to power in Upper Egypt in 3100 BC

He defeated Lower Egypt and married a princess in Lower Egypt.

He combined two crowns of Lower and Upper Egypt.

He started the first dynasty in Egypt, which lasted for two centuries.