PADLET OF KNOWLEDGE by Kayleigh Sophia C. Noman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu Chemistry 1 | 9-Sodium en-us 2022-05-15 17:22:51 UTC 2025-10-25 22:10:07 UTC hello@padlet.com https://c.tenor.com/e7Or2rriPP0AAAAi/bird-colors.gif GAS LAWS ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2184622518 The gas laws discover the relationship of pressure, temperature, volume and amount of gas. ]]> 2022-05-15 17:24:35 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2184622518 Boyle's Law (Pressure-Volume Relationship) ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2184623424 states that the volume of a fixed quantity of gas maintained at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure. ]]> 2022-05-15 17:26:05 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2184623424 Gay-Lussac's Law (Pressure-Temperature Relationship) ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2184623447 states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas, when the volume is kept constant]]> 2022-05-15 17:26:06 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2184623447 Avogadro's Law (Volume-Amount Relationship) ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2184637953 states that the volume of a gas maintained at constant temperature and pressure is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas. ]]> 2022-05-15 17:48:56 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2184637953 Pressure ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187508720 2022-05-17 12:25:40 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187508720 Temperature ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187511472 2022-05-17 12:27:42 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187511472 Volume ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187515847 2022-05-17 12:30:16 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187515847 Amount of Gas ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187516493 2022-05-17 12:30:42 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187516493 f a c t o r s ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187518642 2022-05-17 12:32:17 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187518642 Charles' Law (Volume-Temperature Relationship) ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187529636 states that the volume of a fixed amount of gas maintained at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. ]]> 2022-05-17 12:38:18 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187529636 Intermolecular Forces of Attraction (IMFA) ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187617284 Forces that exist between molecules. They determine the physical properties of molecules like their boiling point, melting point, density, and enthalpies of fusion and vaporization. Electrical in nature]]> 2022-05-17 13:30:03 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187617284 ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187618236 2022-05-17 13:30:35 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187618236 Ideal Gas Law ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187618623 An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas whose pressure, volume, and temperature relationships are described completely by the ideal-gas equation.

R = universal gas constant. The value and units of R depend on the units of P, V, n, and T.
T = absolute temperature (in kelvins instead of degrees Celsius).
n = quantity of gas (normally expressed in moles)

The units chosen for pressure and volume are most often atmospheres and liters, respectively. However, other units can be used. You must choose the form of R in which the units agree with the units of P, V, n, and T given in the problem.
]]> 2022-05-17 13:30:48 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187618623 Combined Gas Law ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187622790 expresses the relationship between the pressure, volume, and absolute temperature of a fixed amount of gas. For a combined gas law problem, only the amount of gas is held constant.]]> 2022-05-17 13:33:04 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187622790 Dipole-Dipole Interactions ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187715249
  • attractive forces between the permanent dipoles of two polar molecules 
  • much stronger than van der Waals forces 
    • ]]>     2022-05-17 14:21:45 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187715249     Hydrogen Bonding ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187715878
  • occurs when a hydrogen atom bonded to F, O, or N is attracted to a lone pair of electrons on an F, O, or N atom in another molecule. 
  • the strongest of the three types of intermolecular forces 
    • ]]>     2022-05-17 14:22:06 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187715878     London Dispersion Forces or van der Waal Forces ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187716844
  • weakest of the intermolecular forces
  • caused by the momentary changes in electron density in a molecule. 
  • exist between all types of molecules
  • The more electrons a molecule has, the stronger the London dispersion forces are.
    • ]]>     2022-05-17 14:22:37 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187716844     Ion-Dipole Forces ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187717395
  • exists between an ion and a polar molecule 
  • Cations are attracted to the negative end of a dipole, and anions are attracted to the positive end. 
  • increases as the ionic charge increases. 
    • ]]>     2022-05-17 14:22:55 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187717395     ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187740195 2022-05-17 14:35:12 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187740195 ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187750905 2022-05-17 14:41:08 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187750905 ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187768468 2022-05-17 14:50:18 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187768468 ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187780291 2022-05-17 14:56:38 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2187780291 Nonpolar CH4 ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189032093
  • Nonpolar CH4
  • At any one instant its electron density varies thus creating a temporary dipole.
  • All compounds exhibit van der Waals forces, but the only IMFA present in nonpolar compounds
    • ]]>     2022-05-18 07:17:38 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189032093     Factors that affect strength of van der Waals Forces ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189075492
  • Surface Area
    • - total area of the surface of a 3D object
    - related to molecular shape

    • Polarizability
    - ability to form instantaneous dipoles
    - related to Molecular Weight
    ]]>     2022-05-18 07:48:50 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189075492     Water (H2O) ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189503407
  • The partially positive end of hydrogen is attracted to the partially negative end of the oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine of another molecule.
  • The water molecule consists of two hydrogen (H) atoms covalently bound to an oxygen (O) atom.
  • Since it is more electronegative than hydrogen, oxygen pulls the shared electrons more closely to itself. This sharing gives the oxygen atom a slightly more negative charge, and the two hydrogens a slightly positive charge;
  • This imbalance causes the water molecule to have a positive and negative side, and hence, water is a polar molecule.
    • ]]>     2022-05-18 13:32:46 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189503407     Hydrogen chloride (HCl) ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189772487
  • The prerequisite for this type of attraction to exist is partially charged ions
  • for example, the case of polar covalent bonds such as hydrogen chloride
    • ]]>     2022-05-18 16:07:05 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189772487     Na+ (sodium ion) and H2O (water molecule) ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189819003
  • Na+: a cation
  • Partially positive end of H2O: from H atoms
  • Partially negative end of H2O: from O atom
  • Sodium attracts the oxygen atom of the water molecule, while it repels the hydrogen atom.
    • ]]>     2022-05-18 16:34:55 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189819003     Solids ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189827814 2022-05-18 16:40:36 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189827814 Amorphous Solids ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189829273 2022-05-18 16:41:29 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189829273 Crystalline Solids ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189830552 2022-05-18 16:42:18 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189830552 Molecular Solids ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189861173
  • molecules occupy lattice points
  • Attractive forces between them are van der Waals forces and/or hydrogen bonding.
  • more easily broken apart than ionic and covalent crystals
  • Soft, low melting point, poor conductor of heat and electricity
    • ]]>     2022-05-18 17:01:25 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189861173     Ionic Solids ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189861553
  • composed of charged species (anions and cations) 
  • most have high melting points
  • the higher the lattice energy, the more stable the compound.
  • do not conduct electricity because the ions are fixed in position.
  • But when molten or dissolved in water, the ions are free to move and the resulting liquid is electrically conducting.
  • hard and brittle
    • ]]>     2022-05-18 17:01:39 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189861553     Metallic Solids ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189862008
  • simplest because every lattice point in a crystal is occupied by an atom of the same metal.
  • Soft to hard, low to high melting point, good conductor of heat and electricity
    • ]]>     2022-05-18 17:01:55 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189862008     Covalent Solids ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189862780
  • atoms are held together in an extensive three-dimensional network entirely by covalent bonds
  • Relatively low to high melting point
  • Hard, poor conductor of heat and electricity
    • ]]>     2022-05-18 17:02:24 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189862780     Sodium chloride (NaCl) ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189954919
  • Structurally, each ion in sodium chloride is surrounded and held in tension by six neighboring ions of opposite charge
    • ]]>     2022-05-18 18:01:26 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189954919     Diamond ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189963389
  • The entire solid is an "endless" repetition of carbon atoms bonded to each other by covalent bonds
    • ]]>     2022-05-18 18:06:56 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189963389     Gold (Au) ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189974608
  • atoms of gold are positive ions held together by a surrounding 'sea' of their delocalized electrons.
    • ]]>     2022-05-18 18:14:30 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189974608     _______________________________________________________ ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189981297 2022-05-18 18:18:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189981297 _______________________________________________________ ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189982845 2022-05-18 18:19:52 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189982845 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189990013
  • the predominant attractive force is a dipole-dipole interaction
    • ]]>     2022-05-18 18:24:39 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2189990013     _______________________________________________________ ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190359700 2022-05-19 00:48:20 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190359700 Expression of Concentrations and their Formulas ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190363032 2022-05-19 00:51:01 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190363032 Qualitative ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190365328 2022-05-19 00:52:50 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190365328 Quantitative ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190366157 2022-05-19 00:53:33 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190366157 Mass Percentage ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190372188
  • simplest quantitative expressions of concentration
  • percent means “per hundred”
    • ]]>     2022-05-19 00:58:20 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190372188     Parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb) ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190395002
  • Here, we express the concentration of very dilute solutions, similar to mass percentage but we use 106 (a million) or 109 (a billion), respectively, in place of 100 as a multiplier for the ratio of the mass of solute to the mass of solution
    • ]]>     2022-05-19 01:16:07 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190395002     Mole Fraction (X) ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190399617
  • useful when dealing with gases, have no units, sum of the mole fractions of all components of a solution must equal 1
    • ]]>     2022-05-19 01:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190399617     Molarity (M) ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190402154
  • useful for relating the volume of a solution to the quantity of solute contained in that volume
    • ]]>     2022-05-19 01:21:07 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190402154     Molality (m) ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190404958
  • similar to molarity but depends on the mass of solvent
    • ]]>     2022-05-19 01:23:08 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190404958     Molarity to Molality ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190466477 2022-05-19 02:02:56 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190466477 Converting Concentration Units ksnoman https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190468535 2022-05-19 02:04:20 UTC https://padlet.com/ksnoman/sz9tdhjkrvp7uonu/wish/2190468535