Unit 7 Review Padlet by Bolt Meyer https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg I used all my notes for this one en-us 2022-01-25 16:23:56 UTC 2023-10-14 03:46:54 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f607.png Important people: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2011629836 Rosalind Franklin: Found the shape of DNA- "double helix" 
Maurice Wilkins: Took Photo 51 and showed it to Watson and Crick.
Watson and Crick: Credited with the founding of the shape of DNA. Got all the reward for it, and the public didn't know that it was thanks to Franklin until after she had died. 
Chargoff: Found the idea of complementary base pair rules. ]]> 2022-01-25 16:31:36 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2011629836 TRANSCRIPTION: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2011643691 Starts with Transcription. mRNA is in the nucleus with DNA. Helicase unwinds the DNA and RNA lines up with DNA on ONE STRAND. It then disconnects and the RNA leaves the cell- the DNA seals up again. ]]> 2022-01-25 16:36:47 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2011643691 A video on Rosalind Franklin (it also talks about other people) elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013907866 2022-01-26 16:12:23 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013907866 Brief History of DNA Notes elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013911852 2022-01-26 16:13:59 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013911852 Double Helix(the shape of DNA) elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013913953 2022-01-26 16:14:49 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013913953 Rosalind Franklin(picture) elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013917602 She spent over 100 hours developing Photo 51- the first photo of DNA. She then spent an additional year working on the math behind finding its shape- and once she got it, she found it made a double helix. ]]> 2022-01-26 16:16:14 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013917602 Watson and Crick elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013924904 They had basically theorized and guessed what the shape of the DNA strand could be based off of the picture and came up with three items. One of them was correct- the thing they were credited with and got them known for their work. (They didn't make the picture. Rosalind Franklin spent 100 hours developing the image)]]> 2022-01-26 16:19:08 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013924904 Base Pairs: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013952256 A always pairs with T
G always pairs with C

Idea discovered by Chargoff. ]]> 2022-01-26 16:28:32 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013952256 Bonds: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013958736 Hydrogen bonds: between Nitrogen bases- they're very weak and require an enzyme to break them(like helicase unwinding DNA). Two hydrogen bonds between A and T. Three hydrogen bonds between G and C. 

Covalent bonds: between phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugar. Very strong bonds. 

]]> 2022-01-26 16:31:01 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013958736 Better picture of Covalent and Hydrogen bonds elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013964365 2022-01-26 16:33:19 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013964365 Complementary base pairing rules: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013973572 The amount of Adenine in a DNA strand is equal to the amount of Thymine. The amount of Cytosine is equivalent to the amount of Guanine. ]]> 2022-01-26 16:36:51 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013973572 DNA Importance elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013980807 DNA is the instruction for your body to make the right proteins for the cell. The DNA is genetic info.]]> 2022-01-26 16:39:38 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2013980807 Nucleotides elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014870304 Nucleotides are made up of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one nitrogen base. ]]> 2022-01-27 02:05:10 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014870304 DNA Replication: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014876251 Making an exact copy with no mistakes. Mistakes would make a mutation.]]> 2022-01-27 02:09:55 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014876251 Times DNA is replicated: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014880728 1.) When you need a new cell (when cells divide)
2.) To grow(it's needed as a step in growth, as shown in image above).
3.) To fix cuts and bruises. 
4.) To replace old or worn-out cells (like skin cells).
5.) To fix broken bones.]]> 2022-01-27 02:13:24 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014880728 Anti-parallel: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014887406 DNA always forms from 5' to 3' - and the strands are always anti-parallel. (meaning 5' is on one side, the other strand has 3' on the side aligning with it)]]> 2022-01-27 02:18:40 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014887406 Beginning Steps of DNA Replication elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014895903 2022-01-27 02:25:16 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014895903 DNA Replication as explained by Hank Green elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014897902 We watched this video in class- it's Hank Green explaining the idea of DNA Replication. ]]> 2022-01-27 02:26:55 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014897902 Terms and Definitions elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014903154 Replication Fork: Where the DNA splits in DNA replication.

SSB Proteins: Single strand binding- holds DNA apart. 

DNA Polymerase: Acts like a "match maker" which pairs up the nucleotides properly. (it also proofreads! Makes sure everything is indeed in it's right spot). It gets ride of the RNA primer from before. 

Helicase: Unwinds and unzips DNA. 

RNA Primase: makes primer- which tells DNA Polymerase where to start. 

Okazaki Fragments: Short pieces of DNA. 

Semi-conservative: Holds 1 strand of old DNA and 1 strand of new DNA.]]> 2022-01-27 02:31:17 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014903154 Leading Strand: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014909835 Leading Strand: Continuous strand that has no buffers or breaks in the production of the DNA strand. Shown on top of the diagram.]]> 2022-01-27 02:36:52 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014909835 Lagging Strand: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014911390 Lagging Strand: Primase makes primer, and the DNA Polymerase lays down nucleotides, forming Okazaki Fragments. The Polymerase proofreads, and the Ligase acts as glue, sticking the fragments together. Shown on the bottom of the diagram. Shown on the bottom of the diagram.]]> 2022-01-27 02:38:04 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014911390 Product of DNA Replication: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014917892 At the end, there are two IDENTICAL strands of DNA. ]]> 2022-01-27 02:42:47 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014917892 Example of Base Pattern: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014926632 If the right side of a DNA strand is ACT TAG GAC GTA, then the other side that develops to replicate it would be TGA ATC CTG CTG CAT. Then the left side of the original DNA strand would be the same thing as that latter pattern, and the replication to that would be the same thing as the original right side. ]]> 2022-01-27 02:48:12 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014926632 Quizlet! elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014941490 https://quizlet.com/658861153/dna-structure-replication-quiz-bio-320-flash-cards/?x=1qqt]]> 2022-01-27 03:00:45 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014941490 Protein Synthesis Game! elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014944228 https://www.purposegames.com/game/protein-synthesis-diagram-practice-game]]> 2022-01-27 03:02:58 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014944228 TRANSLATION: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014950254 At the ribosome. The mRNA slides THROUGH the ribosome, and the ribosome "reads" the mRNA. It looks for the start codon- which is AUG. tRNA brings the correct Amino Acid to the ribosome. On the other side of the tRNA is the anti-codon, which is the opposite to the mRNA. In this case, anti-codon is UAC, since codon is AUG. (translation is the bottom half of the diagram)]]> 2022-01-27 03:07:56 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014950254 TRANSLATION(pt.2): elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014952243 The next tRNA brings the NEXT amino acid, and forms a peptide bond. This is a tough bond between amino acids. The tRNA continues bringing the amino acids the the amino acid chain until the ribosome reads the stop codon- which is either UAG, UGG, or UGA. ]]> 2022-01-27 03:09:32 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014952243 Different 3-Bases elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014953827 3 Bases in DNA is a Triplet. 
3 Bases in mRNA is a Codon. 
3 Bases in tRNA is an Anti-Codon.]]> 2022-01-27 03:10:58 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014953827 Amino Acids/Codons elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014954982 There are 64 possible codons! And 20 different Amino Acids. ]]> 2022-01-27 03:11:54 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014954982 Transcription and Translation: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014956687 Transcription comes first- it technically means to write across. Translation comes second- and it basically means to change the language of. You can't change the language of something if it's not in front of you for seeing! Which is how I remember that Transcription is first. It's like subtitles on a movie. ]]> 2022-01-27 03:13:20 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014956687 Start and Stop Codons: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014966554 The start Codon is ALWAYS: AUG, which is methionine. 
The stop codons are always either: UAA, UAG, or UGA. These are just the stop codons, which tells the ribosome to stop reading. ]]> 2022-01-27 03:21:30 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014966554 DNA, mRNA, and tRNA: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014969704 DNA is double stranded. mRNA and tRNA are both single strand. 
In RNA you'll find uracil in place of thymine. 
The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA is just ribose. 
There are three types of RNA, while there's only one type of DNA. 
DNA is genetic info. RNA is instruction on how to make proteins.]]> 2022-01-27 03:24:08 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014969704 Locations and general ideas of Transcription & Translation elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014975797 Transcription: In the nucleus, making mRNA. 
Translation: @ the ribosome, changes from mRNA code to amino acids. 

*mRNA can get through the nucleus. It may be made IN the nucleus, but due to it being single stranded, it can get out through nucleic pores in the nucleus. ]]> 2022-01-27 03:29:01 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014975797 Notes from Mutation- Slide Show elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014979464 Notes are also on paper- but a slideshow is much easier to link.]]> 2022-01-27 03:31:44 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014979464 Mutation: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014981132 A permanent change in DNA caused by mutagens (viruses, high temps, chemicals, radiation). ]]> 2022-01-27 03:32:59 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014981132 Different Mutations: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014982619 1.) No effect on organism
2.) Good mutation (evolution, and Usain Bolt)
3.) Genetic disorder (bad)
4.) Cancer (bad)]]> 2022-01-27 03:34:08 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014982619 Silent Mutation elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014983548 No effect, since the amino acid is not changed due to the mutation. So a single base may have changed, but it still is the same amino acid as it was when it was properly identical. ]]> 2022-01-27 03:34:52 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014983548 Beneficial Mutations: elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014986831 Mutations in bacteria that allow them to become antibiotic-resistant. For example- a belief is that a long time ago everyone was lactose intolerant- but now thanks to that mutation, most people AREN'T. Map is a general idea of lactose intolerance as of more recently than ancient times. ]]> 2022-01-27 03:37:43 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014986831 Gene Mutation V.S. Chromosome Mutation elizabethmeyer25 https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014988335 Gene Mutation: Small. A small piece of DNA- one gene, usually 1 base. 
Chromosome Mutation: Huge. Entire chromosome, many genes. ]]> 2022-01-27 03:39:06 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethmeyer25/sy3nhz5such1q9lg/wish/2014988335