Mock PT1 Synthesis by Joshua Tapia

New treatment strategies need to be incorporated in federal laws

291403 — 2024-11-07 17:43:02 UTC

Ongoing research, disclosed by the New England Journal of Medicine, explores compounds that target other opioid receptors. Through the NIH Blueprint Neurotherapeutics program, a team of researchers is working to “optimize a recently discovered series of selective and orally available kappa-opioid antagonists as nonaddictive medications.”

- Nora Volkow, Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and Francis Collins, Founder of the Division of Instrumental Research

Findings

1910544 — 2024-11-07 17:44:54 UTC

''Infrastructural challenges include disproportionately fewer clinics and hospitals and less access to mental health treatment, drug treatment, prevention, and harm reduction programs.''

Khary K. Rigg, S. M. M. (2018). The Opioid Crisis in Rural and Small Town America Shannon M. Monnatand Khary K. Rigg. In the University of New Hampshire Carsey School of Public Policy. University of New Hampshire. https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1342&context=carsey

New treatment strategies need to be incorporated in federal laws

291403 — 2024-11-07 17:46:12 UTC

Research conducted by the National Bureau of Economic Research divulges specifically into the effects of OxyContin and its contributing role in escalating the Crisis. They studied “ self-reported rates of opioid misuse in the past year for both OxyContin and all other pain relievers using the National Study of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) for 2004-2012.”

- Abby Alpert, Assistant Professor of Health Care Management at the Wharton Business School, and William Evans, Notre Dame University’s first Keough-Hesburgh Professor.

findings

1910544 — 2024-11-07 17:46:59 UTC

´´The two-decade increase in opioid mortality has corresponded with significant economic stressors in some rural areas.´´

Perspective: Economic COVID Restriction solutions

2024-11-07 17:47:32 UTC

"The routine use of telehealth can improve the cost, efficiency, and outcomes of MOUD counseling provision”

Hughto, J. M. W., Peterson, L., Perry, N. S., Donoyan, A., Mimiaga, M. J., Nelson, K. M., & Pantalone, D. W. (2021). The provision of counseling to patients receiving medications for opioid use disorder: Telehealth innovations and challenges in the age of COVID-19. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 120, 108163.

Findings 2

1910544 — 2024-11-07 22:05:38 UTC

^{´´Drug overdose deaths rose 30% in the United States in 2020 to a total of at least 93,000 people (Figure 3) and then topped over 100,000 for the first time over a 12-month period ending in April 2021.4´´}

Slater, R. R., & Beverley, L. (2022). The Opioid Epidemic in America: Pandemic Impacts. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Publish Ahead of Print. https://doi.org/10.5435/jaaos-d-21-01158

Findings 2

1910544 — 2024-11-07 22:06:56 UTC

^{´´Social isolation due to stay-at-home orders and the cancellation of therapy appointments and session have had devastating impacts. 24 Patients faced enormous challenges obtaining medications and risks of contracting COVID-19 in clinics.’´´}

The economic implications of massive research projects and how it affects communities

291403 — 2024-11-08 01:22:37 UTC

The Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016 (Public Law 114-198, July 2016) and The 21st Century Cures Act (P.L. 114-255, December 2016) which is voiced by Mutter and Duchnovny as being made to “reduce the demand for opioids by requiring state Medicaid programs to temporarily cover all medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of OUD.”

- Noelia Duchovny is the Principal Analyst at the Congressional Budget Office and Ryan Mutter is the Principal Analyst in the Health, Retirement, and Long-term Analysis Division at the Congressional Budget Office.

The economic implications of massive research projects and how it affects communities

291403 — 2024-11-08 01:25:03 UTC

Duchovny and Mutter, as Principal Analysts for the Congressional Budget Office, were put to the task of summarizing the maximum payment required by the federal government. They stated, “Collectively, the laws authorized additional appropriations of about $700 million to $1.6 billion per year between fiscal years 2017 and 2023.”

Finding:

2024-11-08 14:41:05 UTC

Despite the current public health crisis, the FDA has been slow to use this authority to convert naloxone to OTC status. The FDA’s inaction has led states to take the lead on increasing naloxone access. States are now at the forefront of getting naloxone into the hands of the people who need it most: opioid users, school nurses, and other first responders.

Soelberg, C. D., Brown, R. E., Jr, Du Vivier, D., Meyer, J. E., & Ramachandran, B. K. (2017). The US Opioid Crisis: Current Federal and State Legal Issues. Anesthesia and analgesia, 125(5), 1675–1681.

2024-11-08 14:42:00 UTC

"A secondary critical component of these laws is broadening current “Good Samaritan” laws to mitigate professional liability when dispensing naloxone. Additionally, these laws can and should encourage bystanders to seek help by providing greater protection for individuals who intervene when someone has overdosed."

Social/Economic

1585532 — 2024-11-11 17:21:02 UTC

Research by Johnson et al. (2018) displays efforts by several organizations, SAMHSA for example, funding programs to prevent drug misuse from overprescriptions and to help inform the general audience of “the dangers of sharing medications” in tandem with states regulating health standards and running programs of their own, administering insurance programs or collecting surveillance data.

Futuristic

1585532 — 2024-11-11 17:22:50 UTC

According to Humensky et al. (2019), Columbia University’s CTSA program has promoted diverse research to address the opioid crisis. The article details initiatives taken involving training researchers to work across fields and engage in local communities. This strategy targets both immediate needs as well as projected issues in the future with long term solutions, attacking the problem at its root to prevent escalation.

Political/Historical

1585532 — 2024-11-11 17:23:41 UTC

Since the 1990s overprescription has developed into a rampant issue which has led to a proliferation of drug misuse, further feeding into or creating addiction for many citizens. Johnson and Humensky both discuss action taken by public leaders. There seems to be a common action between both state officials and local community leaders, said action being to deploy various programs to treat or prevent opioid misuse by informing the public or creating drug rehabilitation centers.

Political/Futuristic

1585532 — 2024-11-11 17:26:31 UTC

Lim et al. (2022) highlights how modeling tools can track the crisis’ progression and influence policies to address emerging trends. Research from Johnson et al. (2019) illustrates federal efforts targeted towards policy flexibility, mostly in response to changing drug usage patterns. This approach is essential to remain effective as the opioid crisis evolves, this highlights the importance of utilizing predictions, flexible policies, and interdisciplinary research. These findings by Lim et al (2022) and Johnson et al. (2018) argue that responding effectively to the opioid crisis requires understanding of current patterns in drug usage but also having the ability to predict future trends. Together these sources indicate that the best response to the opioid crisis would be an adaptive approach, dealing with both short and long term.