Date: February 24, 1969

Background Information: Students in Des Moines showed support for a truce in Vietnam war so they wore armbands to school. The principal found out before they first wore it and he prohibited wearing a armband on the school campus. Mary Beth Tinker and Christopher Eckhardt worn armbands and were sent home. Mary Tinker's brother wore an armband next day later and was sent home.

Amendment connected to case: 1st Amendment - It is dealing with freedom of expression.

Impact of the ruling on the amendment: Students cannot cannot use Freedom of Speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.

Founding ideal(s) connected to the case: This negatively impacted liberty by not allowing students to express their thoughts while in school. In other words, this negatively impacted students freedoms like speech and expression. This limited the students rights and does not allow equal treatment from students to adults.

Date: June 23, 2021

Background Information: B.L is a student at Mahanoy Area High School and she failed to make varsity on her cheerleading team (she instead made Junior varsity). Over the weekend away from school she posted on social media curse words because she was annoyed (the post was visible to 250 people). The school found out and suspended her from the Junior varsity cheerleading team for the rest of the year. B.L sued the school saying that it violated her first amendment rights.

Amendment connected to case: 1st amendment - It is dealing with freedom of speech.

Impact of the ruling on the amendment: The First amendment limits but doesn't entirely prohibit regulation of off campus student speech.

Founding ideal(s) connected to case: The case positively expanded students liberty by allowing students to exercise their freedom of speech when they are off campus and not be limited by school. This case also positively affected equality from the minors and adults because minors should be able to exercise their liberties just like adults.

Date: June 19, 1961

Background information: Police officers in Ohio forced into Mapp's house without a proper search warrant. They thought she harbored a bomber, however there was none found. However, they found obscene pictures in her basement in a trunk. Mapp was arrested and was convicted. Mapp said that she had her 4th amendment rights violated.

Amendment connected with case: 4th Amendment - Unconstitutionally obtained evidence, unreasonable searches and seizures, and no proper search warrant.

Impact of the ruling on the amendment: If one searches a house without a proper search warrant and can't find what they are looking for but find something else, it violates their 4th amendment because they still didn't have a proper search warrant.

Founding ideal(s) connected to case: It positively impacted our rights to property because it supported needing a warrant on a specific item and a specific place, and a proper warrant that way we have the right of controlling our property. This expanded peoples rights and limited the governments, because the government cannot just walk into someone's house, find something, then arrest them without a proper warrant.

Date: January 15, 1985

Background Information: TLO (14-year-old female student) at New Jersey was found smoking cigarettes which was a violation of the school and a admin found her smoking in the bathroom. She was questioned and the admin saw her purse and they found cigarette rolling paper, marijuana, drug paraphernalia, wad of money, piece of paper with people who owed her money, and evidence of her dealing marijuana. Her mother brought her to a police station where TLO confessed on selling marijuana.

Amendment connected with case: 4th amendment - Searching people's belongings and seizing them

Impact of the ruling on the amendment: The 4th amendment applies to the school officials, however they must still have a probable cause.

Founding ideal(s) connected to case: This case positively affected equality rights between adults and minors when it comes down to the 4th amendment, because there was a reasonable reason to check the TLO's purse.

Date: March 30th 1959

Background information: In the middle of a labor strike against Southern Bell Telephone Company, Louis Joseph Abbate, Michael Louis Falcone, Norman McLeod, and James Shelby met in a Chicago tavern. Shelby requested the others’ help to bomb Southern Bell facilities in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Tennessee. Abbate and Falcone didn't agree with the plan but decided to tell the Chicago police when McLeod got dynamite and traveled to Mississippi. The State of Illinois charged all four with the crime of conspiring to destroy the property of another later. Abbate and Falcone pled guilty and were sentenced to three months in prison each. Because several of the targeted facilities were used exclusively by the military and federal agencies, federal prosecutors later charged Abbate, Falcone, and Shelby with conspiring to destroy property essential to the U.S. communications systems. At trial in federal district court, McLeod testified against his former co-conspirators, and the jury found them guilty.

Amendment connected with case: 5th amendment - Double Jeopardy clause

Impact of the ruling on the amendment: The Double Jeopardy Clause does not apply to a federal prosecution that follows a state prosecution of the same person for the same actions. In fact, the separate prosecutions reflect the concurrent power of the state and federal governments to enforce their separate statutes.

Founding ideal(s) connected to the case: This case positively impacted peoples equality because they're being tried for what they have done. It is a federal crime as well as a state crime, if someone was in the building they could have killed dozens of people.

Date: January 13, 1988

Background information: Kuhlmeier wrote school news articles in Hazelwood School District. The principal withheld two of the articles from publication.

Amendment connected with case: 1st amendment - Freedom of expression without censorship.

Impact of the ruling on the amendment: Schools have the right to withhold student articles from publishing.

Founding ideal(s) connected with case: This negatively affected liberty because schools can withhold articles that students wrote. This allows less freedom from students.

Date: December 18, 1944

Background information: Franklin D. Roosevelt made it so that Japenese Americans can be interned on the coast. Fred Korematsu refused and went into hiding, he was later found and arrested.

Amendment connected with case: Fifth Amendment - No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process.

Impact of the ruling on the amendment: During times of war, the government is allowed to make laws that may not be legal in times of peace (In this case: A person can be deprived of their rights according to the government in times of war because of a executive order).

Founding ideal(s) connected with case: This case negatively affected people rights because during times of war or not people shouldn't be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process.

Date: July 2, 1976

Background information: Gregg was convicted of the murder of 2 people and he was sentenced to death. He said it was unconstitutional because it violated the 8th and 14th amendment and so he requested an appeal.

Amendment connected with case: 8th and 14th amendment - Cruel and unusual punishment (the death penalty)

Impact of the ruling on the amendment: Death penalty is constitutional depending on, the severity of the crime (killing two people in this case), and the way they carry out the death penalty.

Founding ideal(s) connected with case: It was a positive impact of equality because Gregg did a severe crime of murdering two other people therefore he should be killed as well.

Date: March 28, 1960

Background information: Hayhanen informed the American Embassy in Paris that Abel is a spy for the Soviet Union in the United States since 1952. Hayhanen also said that he (Abel) assisted another Soviet Agent who is a resident agent in United States with a military rank of Colonel. The FBI did a long investigation on Abel but didn't bother to get a search warrant. FBI agents gave agents from Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) a report on Abel as a suspected spy and the FBI told them to prepare a Immigration detection warrant. FBI agents found Abel in a hotel and questioned him. The INS agents packed up all of Abel's belongings in the room but found no weapons or evidence that can be used. The FBI also seized several items after an agent checked Abel out of the hotel with 3 of the items contested at trial. They flew him to a max security prison where he was interrogated and he admitted he was in the US illegally. A criminal warrant for Abel's arrest was issued when he was in prison and he learned that he was indicted for espionage. He flew back to New York where the court tried him of espionage and the prosecution used the evidence that was seized when they didn't get the search warrant.

Amendment connected to case: 4th and 5th amendment - searched and seized evidence from Abel while he was in custody pursuant to an INS warrant

Impact of the ruling on the amendment: The searches and seizures did not violate the Fourth or Fifth Amendment, and the use in evidence of the articles so seized did not invalidate Abel's conviction.

Founding ideal(s) connected to case: This positively affected the peoples rights to life because since Abel was a spy for the Soviet Union and selling American secrets to them, then we could have had thousands of people die and the Cold War would have ended differently.

Date: April 30, 1986

Background information: Batson, a black man, was on trial charged with second-degree burglary and receipt of stolen goods. During the jury selection, the prosecutor used his challenges to take out the four black people on the venire, resulting in a jury composed of all whites. Batson was convicted on both of the charges against him because of the biased jury.

Amendment connected with case: Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment - Fair jury trial and equal protection of the laws.

Impact of the ruling on the amendment: You cannot take out the jurors based off of race.

Founding ideal(s) connected to case: The judgment positively affected equality because now you cannot take jury members out because of racial reasons. This allows a fair and impartial jury.

Date: March 21, 2016

Background information: Caetano was convicted of possession of a stun gun in Massachusetts. Caetano appealed and claimed her conviction violated her Second Amendment right for the purpose of self-defense to protect herself against her abusive ex-boyfriend. The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts affirmed Caetano’s conviction and held that a stun gun is not eligible for Second Amendment protection (later became a supreme court case).

Amendment connected to case: 2nd amendment - Right to own firearms.

Impact of the ruling on the amendment: Stun guns are protected under the second amendment.

Founding ideal(s) connected to case: This case positively expanded the right to own a firearm because a stun gun is less lethal than a regular firearm and Caetano had a right to have a firearm in case of her abusive ex-boyfriend comes back.

Date: June 22, 2018

Background information: Without getting a warrant, the government got several months’ worth of cell phone location records for suspects in a criminal investigation in Detroit (that could have robbed a bank). For one suspect, Timothy Carpenter, the records revealed 12,898 separate points of location data and an average of 101 each day over the course of four months.

Amendment connected with case: 4th amendment - Warrantless search and seizure of cell phone records

Impact of the ruling on the amendment: The government cannot be warrantless when looking at ones cellphone records.

Founding ideal(s) connected to this case: This case positively affected our rights because as time changes, technology changes as well and we should be protected from warrantless searches on our technology as well.

Date: December 18, 1967

Background information: Federal agents attached an eavesdropping device to the outside of a public phone booth used by Katz because she was suspected of transmitting gambling information over the phone to clients in other states. Based on recordings of his end of the conversations, Katz was convicted under an eight-count indictment for the illegal transmission of wagering information from Los Angeles to Boston and Miami.

Amendment connected with case: 4th amendment - Unreasonable searches and seizures.

Impact of the ruling on the amendment: Police would need a search warrant to wiretap a public pay phone to listen into ones conversation.

Founding ideal(s) connected with case: This case positively affected our rights because it is the same as someone intruding in your house, you would need a warrant as to why. This positively expanded our rights while limiting the government's rights because the government cannot just intrude on someone's conversation without a warrant.

Date: June 12, 1984

Background information: A police officer saw Quarles, a supposid assailant in a supermarket and he ordered him to stop. Quarles stopped and was searched and there was a empty gun holster on his shoulder. The police officer asked where his gone was and Quarles told him. Then the officer arrested Quarles and read his Miranda rights.

Amendment connected with case: Fifth Amendment - Right to remain silent.

Impact of the ruling on the amendment: Police officers may question a suspect without giving formal Miranda warnings in emergency situations.

Founding ideal(s) connected with case: This case positively affected our rights to life because if the gun was in the wrong hands and if the officer read the Miranda rights formally, something could have went wrong with someone dying.

Date: June 27, 2005

Background information: Van Orden sued Texas, arguing about the Ten Commandments monument on the grounds of the state capitol building represented an unconstitutional government endorsement of religion. Orden argued this violated the First Amendment's establishment clause, which prohibits the government from passing laws "respecting an establishment of religion".

Amendment connected with case: First Amendment - Government cannot respect an establishment of religion.

Impact of the ruling on the amendment: Having religious content or promoting a message with a religious doctrine doesn't go against the constitution.

Founding ideal(s) connected with case: This negatively impacts ones equality rights because one religion is being promoted through the text while the others are disregarded.