Organized sound using melodies, harmonies, vocals and other instruments.

any agent, event, or situation(internal or external) that promotes a response from an organism

can be light, sounds, tastes, items you touch, smells

can be a physical or emotional response

lived primarily in darkness, as they were nocturnal

Rely heavily on their sense of smell and sounds, which are different stimuli in their context of life.

The hyper focus and hyper attentiveness were their primitive states

Researcher and Harvard professor Dr. Whelan describes our current listening experiences, especially for music, can be identified as a vestige from our own traits.“We seem to be very much tuned for music”(Whelan)

discovery of a 40,000 year old flute in Germany and old versions of drums, could show influence of music in everyday life

Ancient China: Confucian scholars viewed music as a tool for governance and social harmony, creating united communities

Ancient Greece: music was considered essential to philosophy. Plato and Aristotle emphasized its importance in public festivals and other ceremonies

Hinduism: bhajans serve a similar purpose, showing a musical expression of devotion and worship.

Music plays a big in expressing nationalism and identity

Native American societies: Chants help display and show pride in tribal identity

National Anthems: Star Spangled Banner which show national values and beliefs

Reggae Music: originates from Jamaica; Its distinctive rhythms and conscious lyrics tell the struggles and aspirations of their country and people; Artists like Bob Marley and the Rastafarian movement made reggae a symbol of resistance and cultural pride.

Flamenco: originates from Spain and Andalusian region; reflects the historical influences of various cultures( Gypsy, Moorish, and Jewish traditions; known language for expressing joy and sorrow, love and loss, and other complex emotions, common emotions everyone feels 

Ancient Greece: advocates for the connection between mind and body through healing sounds

“Greek physicians used flutes, lyres, and zithers to heal their patients. They used vibration to aid in digestion, treat mental disturbance, and induce sleep”(Meymandi).(psychiatrist and neurologist)

 Indigenous communities also saw therapeutic benefits in a similar way. They were the earliest known reference of music therapy as a treatment (1789)

The study of the human mind, specifically the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterize people, and how they differ.

(all 5 can be seen in our personality) OCEAN

Openness; High: like new ideas and creativity, prefer innovation, new hobbies, and are flexible Low: more traditional, prefer solid facts, prefer constant or rigid routines

Conscientiousness; High: organized, always on A-game, good sense of control of themselves and surroundings, good eye for detail  Low: more unstructured, procrastination, cluttered, careless, unreliable

Extroversion; High: stimulated by social setting and people, energized by socialization, go out often, enjoy being the center of attention Low: reserved, like being by themselves, prefer small parties, enjoy solitude 

Agreeability; High: easy to connect to people, enjoys caring for people , create connections, empathetic Low: competitive, opinionated, blunt, callous, antisocial, manipulate

Neurotic; High: anxious, sensitive , aren't the best with stress, moody, high alert often Low: calm under stress, easy going, emotionally and mentally stable, resilient

ID; biological component located in the unconsious. First formed out of the three. Includes instincts, focuses on pleasure, essentially selfish, your needs have to be met now 

Superego; located in all 3 conscious levels. Concerned with what is socially accepted conscious and what we consider is wrong

Ego; located in the preconscious and conscious. Makes decisions according reality principle: ID must be met in a socially acceptable and realistic way

synonym for abnormal psycholoigy

Scientific method of mental illness and disorders, specially how we are able to diagnose them

Numerous ways previously but as of right now we use the DSM5 book as a guide.

Within the DSM 5 book, the most frequent disorders are: anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and ADHD

All have symptoms regarding duration, severity, and impairment to everyday functions that lead to their diagnosis

As time goes on, the average time music an average person goes up. Right now the average person listens to an average of 3 hours of music per day

See jumps whenever a new way of music is invented which makes it more convenient and accessible

Ex:radios, phonographs, Streaming services and video platforms

Music has gone from solely auditory to a multisensory experience, with music vidoes, VR experiences, and live performances.

Musicophilia: tales of music and the brain by Oliver Sacks,( Physician in Neurology and Psychiatry)

Congenital Amusia: Can't recognize different pitches and melodies ; Can't tell if a note is higher or lower than another(4% of population)

Dystimbria: Hard time processing tones; can’t differentiate between instruments playing the same note; Those sometimes describe music as pots and pans, screeching tires

Musical Anhemdonia: Inability to get pleasure from music (5% of population)

Consider if music was a spectrum, and how we hear music differently

"“Music is this way of bringing us together and impacting us. It’s such a powerful thing its transcends all these that are different on how we hear music.”(Hume)

Some clinical tests to see if music does have an affect on boosting health.

Evidence s that listening to Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major can reduce the frequency of seizures in some people with epilepsy

Parkinson’s to depression to Alzheimer’s, could soon have solutions derived from music. For instance, by identifying the right type of music can provoke a particular cognitive, motor, or emotional response, there could be progress toward healing, improving, or compensating for disrupted brain.

Supports the old theory of the connection of the mind and mind to the body

While Multi-sensory activities can get people to participate more in activities, Does it mean it's the most effective

Steven Pinker: Cognitive psychologist.

"Unlike language, music lacks a fixed semantic system. It cannot convey specific meanings — only emotional atmospheres, which can be ambiguous.”

claims that music is too abstract and have no true meaning

Oliver Sacks disagrees, “Music activates every known part of the brain. It’s powerful because it taps into our memories, our emotions, and even our physical responses.”

 His view supports the idea that music is not only rooted in human evolution but also deeply tied to how we experience the world through the brain and body.

Ear shape: affects how sound waves get into ear

Right ear responds more to speech while left ear is more for music (left brain for right ear more logic language) (right is more for emotion sound)

Temporal lobe (helps you hear)

auditorial cortex: in the temporal lobe (recognizes pitch, tone, melody harmony)

Cerebellum(balances physical response to rhythm to song and to stay in sync)

Wernicke's  area(left side of temporal lobe) (forms musical imagery and understand lyrics)

Nucleus Accumbens (works when listen to music they like releases dopamine)

Amygdala(triggers emotions and our effect to songs)

Hippocampus(Temporal lobe)(store memories with emotion)(music and relate it to emotional connections)

putamen(process rhythm and helps with a creation of beat structure and continue it even when it stops)

rare musical conditions

cultural identities, struggles

Personality traits

potential mental disorders

Growing evidence with positive effects

Could also have a negative impact

Other forms of art: movies, paintings, videos etc

Prefer abstract idea or properly constructed semantics

Accessibility = best?