History Chapter 9 Padlet by Samantha Franco

The First Bilingual Education Book- 1917

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In 1917, the first bilingual education books were by Sissons. The books were on Canada and Aucamp (1926), on South Africa (Baker & Wright, p. 181).

Before the 20th Century

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The land contained many Native American indigenous languages and when other immigrant groups arrived, there were already more than 300 indigenous languages in the United States. Up until World War I, linguistic diversity was encouraged and accepted (Baker & Wright, p.182).

Mid-19th to the 20th Century

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Early pioneering examples of bilingual education, such as the German-English schools. In the 20th century, bilingual education was permitted when Italian and Jewish immigrants were mostly placed in English-medium mainstream schools.

Change in Bilingual Education

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In the mid-20th century, there was a shift in attitude towards bilingualism and bilingual education. Schools were now focused on monolingual education.

1958

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National Defense Education Act was passed. This act promoted foreign language learning in elementary schools, high schools, and universities.

1968

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Coral Way Elementary school was established as the first modern dual language school. Although Coral Way Elementary school gained a lot of attention, there were other bilingual programs in the United States.

1967 Bilingual Education Act

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This legislation was put into place to help failing students whose native language was not English. In 1968, as part of the Bilingual Education Act, federal fund were for the education of speakers of languages other than English. It also undermined the English-only legislation that was still in place in other states (Baker & Wright, p. 185).

1970 Lau v. Nichols

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This case was a pivotal time in bilingual education, which was brought on by Chinese-speaking students against the San Fransisco School District. The case brought awareness to a topic that was extremely important. Were non-English speakers in school receiving equal education opportunities when instructed in a language they did not understand? This led to the Lay Remedies to be created in school districts. These remedies included:

English as a second language

English tutoring

Some form of bilingual education

1978

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US congress re-authorized the ESEA, which lifted the restrictions on dual language programs.

Before this, in 1974, there was an emphasis on transitional bilingual education over maintenance bilingual education and did not allow dual language programs.

(Baker & Wright, p. 186)

1994

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ESEA was re-authorized as the Improving America's Schools Act (IASA).

2002

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In 2002 , the No Child Left behind act was created, which replaced the IASA.

2015

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Every Student Succeeds Act, an innovative by the Obama administration, replaced NCLB. Status were afforded more flexibility to set achievement goals and use multiple measures to assess students (Wright & Baker, p. 199).

2019

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Re-authorization of the Esther Martinez Native American Languages Preservation Act, which granted federal funding to Native communities to establish immersion programs.

1954

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Brown v. Board of Education," segregated education based on race made unconstitutional" (Baker & Wright, p. 198).

Reference

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Baker, C., & Wright, W. E. (2021). Historical Introduction to Bilingual Education in the United States. In Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (pp. 180-225). Multilingual Matters.