<?xml version="1.0"?>
<rss version="2.0">
   <channel>
      <title>Diary style post,  Freya Chidavaenzi by </title>
      <link>https://padlet.com/s8081280/srmz9e3m2w9wp87i</link>
      <description>Digital Criminology</description>
      <language>en-us</language>
      <pubDate>2024-02-26 00:16:57 UTC</pubDate>
      <lastBuildDate>2024-03-06 07:02:26 UTC</lastBuildDate>
      <webMaster>hello@padlet.com</webMaster>
      <image>
         <url></url>
      </image>
      <item>
         <title>The Silk Road online drug market</title>
         <author>s8081280</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/s8081280/srmz9e3m2w9wp87i/wish/2895178589</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<p>The Silk Road was an online marketplace part of the dark web that was accessible through the use of specific softwares that allowed users to anonymously view, sell and buy illicit products such as forged documents and heavy drugs with the digital cryptocurrency, Bitcoin. In 2011<a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/silk-road.asp#:~:text=The%20FBI%20shut%20down%20Silk,sentenced%20to%20prison%20for%20life."> the site was created by</a> former physics and engineering student from Texas, Ross Ulbricht, until it was later shut down by the FBI two years later. Silk Road’s user anonymity was made possible by a private network called <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/definitions/what-is-the-tor-browser">The Onion Router</a> (Tor) which keeps IP addresses and browsing history concealed. The creator of Silk Road now serves life imprisonment and a fine of<a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://cryptoslate.com/silk-road-creator-to-offset-183-in-fines-to-allow-sale-of-3-billion-in-bitcoin/"> $183 million</a> US dollars. Ulbricht had taken the name of the site from the<a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-middle-east/silk-road"> historical trade route</a> used between the second century BCE and the mid-15th century. Silk Road was often described as the ‘Ebay for drugs’ due to<a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/10/silk-road-internet-market-illegal-drugs-ross-ulbricht"> 16/20 categories available to choose from</a> on the site being drug-related. These purchases consisted of both<a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/complex-intern/silk-road"> ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ drugs</a> such as marijuana, heroin, and high-grade crystal meth. Members of the FBI named Silk Road “The most sophisticated and extensive criminal marketplace on the <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/senior-adviser-operator-silk-road-online-black-market-sentenced-20-years-prison#:~:text=Silk%20Road%20emerged%20as%20the,cryptocurrency%20to%20facilitate%20illegal%20transactions.">internet</a>”, with <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/10/02/7-revealing-numbers-about-silk-road-the-internets-darkest-drug-market/">over 950,000 users</a> interacting with the illegal website resulting in Ulbricht earning $80 million by the time the site was shut down.</p><p><br></p><p>Since this crime involves an online market allowing purchases of illicit goods through cryptocurrency, it is classified as a cyber-enabled crime which is a traditional crime that has been influenced and advanced by technology. The<a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://securityintelligence.com/articles/silk-road-dark-web-law-enforcement/"> impacts</a> Silk Road left can be identified when viewing federal law enforcements and the rapid rise in advancements relating to cybersecurity and other crypto crimes, while also effectively discouraging individuals from engaging with certain subcultures that participate in illegal online behaviours.</p>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ooD2Wo5-Bko" />
         <pubDate>2024-02-26 00:33:10 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/s8081280/srmz9e3m2w9wp87i/wish/2895178589</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Charlottesville protest doxxing</title>
         <author>s8081280</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/s8081280/srmz9e3m2w9wp87i/wish/2895179107</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<p>In August 2017 between the dates of the 11 and 12th, over 600 people united in Charlottesville, Virginia as a way of showing support for white supremacist and nationalist ideologies. The rally was given the name 'Unite the Right' where protesters voiced their strong opinions against the councils' immediate call for all Confederate commemorations to be dismantled.</p><p><br></p><p>The accelerated discourse in the media led an activist and communications director from North Carolina, Logan Smith, to expose the rally attendees online. This action has been given the name 'doxing'. Smith ran a successful account on Twitter by the name of<a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://twitter.com/YesYoureRacist"> @YesYoureRacist</a>, that aimed to name and shame those who attended the Charlottesville rally. The term comes from<a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.fortinet.com/resources/cyberglossary/doxing"> 'dropping dox/ documents'</a> and when a person is doxxed, it is the equivalence of having their personal information released to the public without their knowledge or consent. Due to the widespread attention that the account had received from the public, he gained 300,00 new followers in the first week and within just under 4 days of creating the posts, two men had already been publicly identified and fired from their jobs. </p><p><br></p><p>As a result of this, to prevent similar consequences individuals who support extreme far-right political beliefs and promoted ideologies involving white supremacy online began to conceal their identities <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/7xxbez/doxxing-white-supremacists-is-making-them-terrified">out of fear</a>. Some went to such lengths including using VPN services and in some cases, underwent pseudonyms in an attempt to avoid being doxxed. With that in mind, a large percentage of those who attended the rally were expecting and familiar with the possible consequences that came along with participating.</p><p><br></p><p>Due to the great power that technology has in more recent times, the man behind the doxing did make it clear that he was<a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.wired.com/story/doxing-charlottesville/"> aware of possible risks</a> involved with his actions. One of these dangers is the misidentification of a person which is more than likely to result in large lawsuits. While part of the media had initially viewed Smith’s form of digital activism as inspiring, other sides of the conversation realised that this is a dark concept <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/logan-smith-activist-behind-yesyoureracist-outs-charlottesville-white-nationalists-twitter-n792936">despite the motivation</a> behind it. Some had even taken their distaste for Smith’s heroic doing as far as sending him and his family members death threats, <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/charlottesville-outing-nazis-twitter-man-logan-smith-yes-youre-racist-death-threats-white-supremacists-a7893881.html">though he continued</a> to stand by his cause.</p>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://abcnews.go.com/US/happen-charlottesville-protest-anniversary-weekend/story?id=57107500" />
         <pubDate>2024-02-26 00:33:56 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/s8081280/srmz9e3m2w9wp87i/wish/2895179107</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Deepfake replicates CEO for a financial scam</title>
         <author>s8081280</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/s8081280/srmz9e3m2w9wp87i/wish/2895179287</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<p>A finance specialist in Hong Kong <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.9news.com.au/world/scam-news-finance-worker-200-million-hong-kong-dollars-deepfake-cfo/772cfca4-66d7-4464-9f52-75c8b44cef54">paid $25 million to an online scammer</a> after being deceived over a business video call by using a live deepfake video editor to pose as the company’s Chief financial officer in February 2024. <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://security.virginia.edu/deepfakes">A 'Deepfake'</a> is a newer form of artificial intelligence <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.esafety.gov.au/industry/tech-trends-and-challenges/deepfakes">that is used to create</a> both realistic audio and videos of real people by seamlessly morphing an image or sound with another. This crime is a type of fraud that has been <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/02/04/asia/deepfake-cfo-scam-hong-kong-intl-hnk/index.html">cyber-enabled</a> which means the type of crime can be done both in the physical world and digitally thanks to the evolution of technology. In similar instances, criminals have used artificial intelligence alongside fraud to spread misinformation and create reputational harm through identity theft.</p><p><br></p><p>Crimes using artificial intelligence to create social engineering scams and those similar are often explained by the <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.simplypsychology.org/routine-activities-theory.html">Routine Activity Theory</a>, this can be used to explain crime from the offender's point of view through 3 elements that form an opportunity for a crime to be made.&nbsp; The first element is the idea that the offender is motivated to commit the crime and is capable of doing so when the chance is available to them. The second element requires a setting for a suitable target of the crime, this can be anywhere as long as the subject can be reached. Lastly, the absence of a guardian who can intervene. For a crime like this to have taken place it means the offender had targeted their victim by gaining their trust, in this case, the offender had posed as someone the victim trusted.&nbsp;</p><p><br></p><p>As machine learning frequently appears in the digital world, many countries have worked to <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.studyiq.com/articles/deepfake-technology/#:~:text=Reputation%20damage%3A%20Deepfake%20technology%20can,used%20to%20steal%20someone's%20identity.">combat the potential risks</a> that stem from the issues surrounding new technology advancements. Within the European Union, large tech names like Google and Meta Platforms have agreed to <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en-us/posts/technology/practice-innovations-deepfakes/">strengthen policies</a> regarding fake accounts and users involving deep fakes. As for the USA and Eastern Asia, laws that involve criminal penalties for deep fakes of nonconsensual pornography and political influence purposes have been placed.</p>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://recfaces.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/face_scan_adobe-830x553.jpg" />
         <pubDate>2024-02-26 00:34:12 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/s8081280/srmz9e3m2w9wp87i/wish/2895179287</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Yahoo data breach hack</title>
         <author>s8081280</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/s8081280/srmz9e3m2w9wp87i/wish/2898498751</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<p>The web service browser, Yahoo, was investigated by the FBI in 2014 after 26 of its users were hacked by an anonymous collective at the time. In 2016 a similar incident occurred which was able to trace back to the previous event just two years prior. That same hacker collaborated with high profile coders in Russia to gain access to the company’s personal database as well as <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://bpbonline.medium.com/yahoo-data-breach-what-actually-happened-54cf8f3f7c93">over 500 million users' private</a> information under a category titled ‘Account Management’. The hack was carried out by Igor Sushchin and Dmitry Dokuchaev, former intelligence officers part of the Russian Federal Security Service. After the FBI’s prolonged inquiry <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/14/technology/yahoo-hack.html">it was discovered that</a> Aleksey Belan and Karim Baratov, a commercial hacker, were personally employed by the Russian agents to assist them.&nbsp;</p><p><br></p><p>Due to the entire investigation taking 2 years to uncover, Yahoo and its users were put at great risk as their data was leaked and under attack across the dark web. The Yahoo <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.csoonline.com/article/560623/inside-the-russian-hack-of-yahoo-how-they-did-it.html">database contained</a> users login details and phone numbers, as well as the individual hash values of digital combinations that translate to unique account codes.</p><p><br></p><p>Digital crimes such as hacking are commonly motivated and introduced to the offenders through Bandura’s popularised ‘<a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://cod.pressbooks.pub/crimj1165/chapter/module-3/">Social Learning theory</a>’. This theory studies the correlation between a criminal and their associates, and more specifically, how the social groups and settings a person surrounds themselves with has the ability to influence and educate an individual to behave in a similar way whether that be in a positive or negative light.&nbsp;</p><p><br><br></p>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/2347806058/282886e4ded0bcfd769bd6cc3f2bcd86/tumblr_inline_ontc42ghFd1uj441s_540.png" />
         <pubDate>2024-02-28 03:14:27 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/s8081280/srmz9e3m2w9wp87i/wish/2898498751</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>New York revenge porn </title>
         <author>s8081280</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/s8081280/srmz9e3m2w9wp87i/wish/2898499082</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<p>Spring Cooper is a college professor in New York City who was <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.newsnationnow.com/crime/new-york-revenge-porn-case/">awarded $30 million</a> in damages from a lawsuit against her ex-partner, Ryan Broems, after he posted private sexual content of her online following their breakup. The compensation awarded gave the case the title of the largest verdict to be given in image-based abuse crimes in New York, as<a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://nypost.com/2024/02/20/us-news/cuny-professor-spring-chenoa-cooper-wins-30m-in-revenge-porn-suit-against-ex-ryan-broems/"> stated by the New York Post</a>. This crime is often presented under the name<a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.criminalsolicitorsmelbourne.com.au/blog/revenge-porn"> 'Revenge Porn',</a> described as "sexually explicit photos or videos shared or threatened to be shared online without the consent of the victim". On average, <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://datasociety.net/library/nonconsensual-image-sharing/">1/25 Americans</a> have been a victim of revenge porn, and 57% of victims consisted of women. Online abuse is generally caused by an offender finding a suitable target and gaining control over them, usually by threatening. This is associated with the Routine Activity Theory, formulated by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson in 1979. This theory outlines that the offender must have motivation behind the act or crime and the absence of a capable guardian is satisfied.&nbsp;</p><p><br></p><p>Due to the mass prevalence of technology, law enforcement across the United States of America has added new laws surrounding image-based abuse. Since 2017, there have been <a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.cybersmile.org/revenge-porn">38/50 states</a> that have created revenge porn laws. Such crimes can be prevented from being posted online by<a rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://mdi.georgetown.edu/news/new-report-encourages-tech-companies-to-prevent-image-based-abuse/"> strengthening guidelines</a> and internet safety standards across tech platforms.&nbsp;</p><p><br><br><br></p><p><br></p>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/2347806058/f626525638fbd81df2357ed976242ad1/hero_image_fill_size_1248x702_v1699833230.jpg" />
         <pubDate>2024-02-28 03:14:49 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/s8081280/srmz9e3m2w9wp87i/wish/2898499082</guid>
      </item>
   </channel>
</rss>
