Mouth: Responsible for mastication; teeth do mechanical digestion, which basically means tearing the food into smaller pieces.

Salivatory gland: The saliva helps with chemical digestion, where its acidity has a chemical reaction with food and helps break it down, especially with carbohydrates.

Esophagus: Connects the mouth to the stomach, taking the food down.

Liver: Rids our body of toxins (drugs, alcohol). Produces bile.

Gallbladder: Stores bile, which helps our digestive system break down fats.

Stomach: The storage area for food. It starts the digestion process with acids, as well as contracting to mix the food. . It has a mucus wall to protect itself, while our throat does not, which is why you feel a burning sensation in your throat if you throw up.

Pancreas: Regulates blood with insulin and glucagon, as well as releasing digestive enzymes.

Small intestine: Absorbs the macromolecules (nutrients) and vitamins and sends them to the blood. The digestive enzymes act here.

Large intestine: Absorbs water.

Rectum: stores fesces.

Anus: releases fesces. Has two muscles: voluntary and involuntary.

Anderson, B. W., Kortz, M. W., Black, A. C., & Al Kharazi., K. A. (2023, November 09). Anatomy, Head and Neck, Skull - StatPearls. NCBI. Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499834/

DeCoster, M. A. (2023, June 16). Calcium dynamics in the central nervous system. Science Direct. Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/096054289500015T

5 Reasons Why Meditation is Beneficial to Your Nervous System. (2022, February 16). The Australian & New Zealand Mental Health Association. Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://anzmh.asn.au/blog/5-reasons-why-meditation-is-beneficial-to-your-nervous-system

The musculoskeletal system review (article). (n.d.). Khan Academy. Retrieved December 6, 2023, from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system/a/hs-the-musculoskeletal-system-review

Skeletal, Muscular and Cardiovascular Systems. (n.d.). Nimbin Central School. Retrieved December 6, 2023, from https://nimbin-c.schools.nsw.gov.au/content/dam/doe/sws/schools/n/nimbin-c/covid-19-resources/secondary/stage-5/St_5_PASS2_Mr_Everingham.pdf

Smith, C. (2012, November 16). Anatomy and Physiology: The Relationships of the Respiratory System. Visible Body. Retrieved December 6, 2023, from https://www.visiblebody.com/blog/anatomy-and-physiology-the-relationships-of-the-respiratory-system

DW Planet A (2021, June 18) Neuromarketing: How brands are getting your brain to buy more stuff [Video]. Retrieved December 10, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkDVC_izIV0

Big Think (2021, July 27) How Apple and Nike have branded your brain | Your Brain on Money | Big Think [Video]. Retrieved December 10, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eIDBV4Mpek

Snoffle (2019, September 1) How Targeted Advertising Works [Video]. Retrieved December 10, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5QoOvW2_fg

Mike Lamb (2021, June 1)Targeted Ads: The Dark Side of Divulging Your Data [Video]. Retrieved December 10, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVwKQqbMw-c

William, H., & Gallego, J. (2021, August 11). The risks of targeted advertising. GetTerms.io. Retrieved December 10, 2023, from https://getterms.io/blog/the-risks-of-targeted-advertising

Berreby, D. (2017, March 3). Click to agree with what? No one reads terms of service, studies confirm. The Guardian. Retrieved December 2, 2023, from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/03/terms-of-service-online-contracts-fine-print

Huettel, S. A., Stanton, S. J., & Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2017, September). Neuromarketing: Ethical Implications of its Use and Potential Misuse. Jornal of Buisness Ethics. Retrieved December 11, 2023, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/45022222?seq=2

Egg cell. (2023, November 24). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_cell

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Hormones are in charge of growth & development, our metabolisms, mood, sexual functions, and reproduction.

Hard: good grades, winning a championship (requires effort)

Easy: cocaine, alcohol, sex, social media (addictive)

Urethra: both pee (from the bladder) and semen come out, differently from the female body where pee is in a different hole (also urethra) than the reproductive system.

Testis: hold the sperm cell. Why do they hang? Sperm cells are actually very sensitive, and need a very specific temperature to survive; the human body is too hot. The testicles regulate temperature very well.

Vagina: mucusa. This means that it has easy access to our bloodstream, which leads it to be, unfortunately, vulnerable to pathogens, especially because it doesn't have much protection (nose has hairs and mucus, for example).

It isn't practical to have more than one baby, as it takes a long to raise them and it's too much work. Due to this, many of the eggs form to prevent more than one sperm from entering.

Corona radiata: shaped like that to prevent more than one sperm from entering.

Corticle Granule: releases enzymes to kill remaining sperm.

Mitochondria: The cell needs energy so that, when fertilized, the zygote multiplies and generates a fetus.

Nucleus: has 23 chromosomes to pass over to the embryo.

Zona Pellucida: hardens when a sperm cell enters.

Mitochondria: energy used to fuel the movement (tail).

Nucleus: Holds 23 chromosomes (with female it's 46)

Acrosome: Shaped like that to pierce the Corona radiate, as well as releasing enzymes to digest it.

Veins: Take blood from the body parts to the heart.

Arteries: Take blood from the heart to the body parts.

Pharynx: When you swallow, it closes in order to prevent the food or liquid from traveling up to your nose. When you laugh, it isn't as "effective" and the food could travel up.

Larynx: This is what grows during puberty for a man's voice to deepen. Prevents liquid and food from getting into your tracheae (because the liquid in your lungs is VERY dangerous).

Trachae: Takes the air from the Larynx to the Bronchi.

Alvioli: exchange oxygen for CO2; what is left of cellular respiration ends up being CO2, which is why that's what we breathe out. A bit of water is also released, which is why windows fog up when we breathe in them. It's surrounded by veins and arteries.

Diaphram: a muscle that provides the system the strength to expand when we breathe.

Biconcave shape (like a shell): It has a larger surface area while occupying less space, so it can carry more.

No organelles: It doesn't need them, plus without them it can fold which helps it fit into smaller veins and arteries.

Haemoglobin: has iron which allows it to pick up the oxygen. Also, gives blood its red color.

2-Receptor cell sends the information to the synaotic end bulbs through the axon, electrically.

3-The synaptic end releases neurotransmitters.

4-The neurotransmitters will connect in the dentrite of a new neuron, probably a relay neuron.

5- New neuro will send electrically to the axon the information to the syaptic end.

6-Repeats until it reaches the brain, which then gives the signal to slap it away ---> process repreats but backwards until it reaches the motor neuron, which directs the muscles in the arm and hand to move.

Also, the amount of dopamine released clouds your judgement, and makes you more likely to buy something (that's why ads show up, its designed to sell).

Our brains can sometimes be biased, subconciously. This is what cognitive bias is: our brain processing information and simplifying it. This could be in the form of seeing someone with long hair and assuming it to be a woman.

Anchoring bias: We assume the first thing that shows up in our news feed/ when searching something up to be the truth.

Confirmation bias: Our brain values what we already agree with.

Fake consensus effect: thinking that everyone agrees with you, and have the same feed as you.

Social media is designed to show you things that you agree with, as since everyone has different opinions different things show up for them (even in Google!). Therefore, our scopes end up being very limited because we only see what we agree with, and our anchoring bias further enforces such beliefs.

This can be very dangerous in the case of fake news, where flat-earthers or anti-vaxxers will continue to be exposed to content that makes them thing this way.

They also connect in seeking pleasure and avoiding pain, what our reward systems do, where you avoid content that you disagree with and will cause you discomfort, believing something to be better than it is because of dopamine (which connects to social media with FOMO, seeing people having lots of fun, going out, and wishing you could go+ this is a way paid parties market themselves), and undermining risks because of the potential reward (Chat GPT).

This led me to reflect on how my algorithm might be hiding certain types of content from me, not only because of my gender (although that does play a part) but also because I generally engage with pro-feminism content, making it show that more to me.

However, this could result in anchoring bias, because the first thing I see will be videos that relate to feminism, and this will further reinforce my beliefs- besides, due to confirmation bias, my brain prioritizes such videos. While I don't see an issue with that, as, at least from my point of view, these aren't harmful ideals, it does mean that I end up seeing only one side of the story (especially because most videos are by women). Plus, with the fake-consensus effect, I end up being irritated at those who don't share my beliefs, and wonder how come (with my brother, for example, who sometimes makes ridiculous claims about it not being unsafe for me to walk home from school alone: "What would happen to you anyways?". It's easy to be baffled at his ignorance of the risk I run towards being sexually assaulted, for example, but the truth is, he doesn't, as I saw in my experiment in Science Summative #2, get videos educating him about this.) thinking they're blatantly sexist when in reality they are exposed to different content than me, sometimes simply because of their gender, but their anchoring bias ends up solidifying such beliefs; sometimes, their ignorance isn't even their fault.

For my algorithm, I engage a lot with content relating to recipes, sometimes workouts, and also hair, makeup, and fashion. While I don't follow such content from a place of insecurity, and rather being interested in the topics, I do sometimes find myself wishing I looked like a person, clicking on their profile, stalking them... even though I stop myself as soon as I realize what I'm doing, it wouldn't be truthful if I said that social media didn't affect my self-esteem and the way I think about myself. Filters also affect my view, because they make me think about how I would be prettier if this one thing were different, and I think in a way it distorts my view of myself outside of social media because I think I look worse than I used to think. I understand how this is unhealthy thinking, and so I do try to follow influencers that make me feel good about myself- and it's interesting (and a little concerning) to see how the people I see can completely change my mood for the day. It's a blatant reminder of the control social media has over my well-being.

There are many sneaky strategies brands use to sell:

1- Wearing you down. Supermarkets are designed to be tiring so that when you arrive at the cashier, your brain is functioning on automatic. This is why there is lots of candy, which our body sees as easy dopamine.

2-Right price. Basically, you see a price in the context of the prices of other products. This goes for something that looks relatively cheap in comparison to the other things or seeing a price crossed out to make room for a much lower one. Our brain evaluates the prices in the context the company wants.

3-Hedonic treadmill. Companies are constantly coming out with "innovative" products (Apple coming out with a new iPhone every year). Are they actually different? No. But we chase the dopamine we get when we buy something new.

4- Hiding in plain sight. Basically subliminal messages, but hidden. Cars, for example, kind of have "expressions", and they correlate to the type of car: a Range Rover, considered a family car, smiles.

(Neuromarketing: How Brands, 2021)

Some companies study people's reactions to advertisements, observing their heartbeat, pressure, breathing, eyes (to see attention), pupil dilation, even bodily fluids such as saliva and blood can be used to predict user behavior (Huettel et al., 2017) and brain activity, looking at what areas light up in MRIs or scans. This way, they can tell what people like subconsciously, when sometimes even they, the person, don't know.

This was seen with Cheetos, which was characterized as a "kids snack", and so they performed MRIs on individuals to study this further. What they found was that people actually thought the orange dust that stayed on your fingers was fun, in a subversive way. So, they centered their whole campaign on "being naughty" (Neuromarketing: How Brands, 2021). And it was a success!

Companies are now able to target us in ways that we aren't even aware of, and honestly, it's kind of scary.

It is said that the way we feel about brands is essentially the way we feel about people, down to the loyalty we have towards them. A study done with Apple and Samsung users where negative, positive, and neutral claims about the companies were made found that the Apple users' brains reacted as they would with such claims being made about family members. Samsung users, however, only reacted when bad news about Apple was said- feeling happy. The most bizarre thing is that, when asked, the users did not know they had such reactions. The brands are engrained in our subconscious brain, through really successful marketing. Involuntary movement and reactions from our nervous system are now controlled by brands.

(How Apple and Nike, 2021)

The way this works is through cookies: when you join a website and accept cookies, this creates an anonymous ID where all the actions you take will be stored. There are a handful of big advertising platforms, and chances are the website you are visiting uses a platform that already has information about your ID. It will compare all the information it has and pick which advertisement is more relevant to you (How Targeted Advertising Works, 2019).

Besides, when companies pay for an advertisement, it would reach whoever they want. Such a tool can be dangerous in many scenarios. Because of both anchoring and confirmation bias, if advertisements that support fake ideas such as a miracle green juice that will make you lose weight reach someone who is trying to lose weight and engages with diet and exercise videos, they are very likely to believe it; this could lead them not only to waste money but fuel their insecurities- in turn resulting in mental health conditions such as eating disorders or depression.

This can also be harmful when kids are exposed to fast food advertising. Excluding the fact that kids should be shown ads at all since they are very susceptible, it has been found that seeing such ads at a young age can lead to unhealthy eating habits (William, 2021).

Some ads can also be targeted in discriminatory ways, which is where we see algorithm bias come into play. For example, ads for employment and housing opportunities are influenced by gender and race stereotypes (William, 2021).

There is also the question of freedom. Should consumers not be free to make their own choices about which product to buy, rather than have their choices influenced? Subliminal messaging, for example, is illegal; shouldn't neuromarketing be outlawed too?

According to (Huettel et al., 2017) though, such claims turn out going overboard, in the sense that such rights were already being violated by regular marketing. What neuroscience does is be more efficient in understanding what people like. Still, as we see with the Apple thing, marketing has a deeper effect on us.

Companies should have much more transparency with us, and governments should monitor such activities much more closely, as there isn't much control over these practices, especially by the Institutional Review Board (Huettel et al., 2017).

Besides, marketing can influence someone to buy something that isn't good for them, and with the added complexities of the studies of our brains, such as with cigarettes.

For example, social media helps promote toxic beauty standards, where teens see someone who fits them and wishes they could look like them. However, many times not even the person looks like that; filters and Photoshop come into play a lot, and yet those consuming the content many times believe it and can end up developing unhealthy eating habits or being susceptible to advertising (that will reach them because of targetted ads) that sells a product that supposedly will make them fit such standards.

Teens are at even greater risk of falling prey to such things because their prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain responsible for rational decision-making, is not yet fully developed. On top of that, the dopamine released by being on social media clouds their judgment further, and they are very susceptible to believing both fake news and ads.

Other dangers include dependence and addiction to apps, as well as being isolated from the outside world because you are chronically online, having worse attention because of the dopamine supply being used up, and therefore procrastinating work or not focusing on school... and all of these can lead to mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression.

For fake news, for example, there already are some in place; Twitter's mediators will detect fake news and place a blue square under it clarifying that the information being promoted is false.

For targeted ads, and the overlying issue of cookies and data collection, where people aren't educated about it because they don't read terms of service, two solutions have been put in place, both independent from the platform. There are Terms of Service, Did Not Read, a non-profit platform where people summarize the TOS of companies, and Pribot, an AI that answers questions related to TOS (Berreby, 2017). However, a successful solution would also have to include an explanation of the topics and give people a reason to care about their privacy.

For the issue of addiction and wasting time, a solution could be the one that my group developed for the Hackathon: an app called Disconnect, which gives you quests that essentially get you off your phone. Completing tasks gives us dopamine, and so does winning, so making the people compete makes the game appealing. However, since you are releasing dopamine the hard way, it isn't addicting.

Besides, such marketing, where you pay to reach a group of people, can result in occurrences such as the Capitol storm in the USA by Trump supporters. If ads target a group of people that are likely to be violent, then the result could be real harm to other people.

Part 2= red

Part 3= blue

Part 4= purple

Part 5= white

Part 6= green

Because of this, I chose to do a Tiktok video, as Tiktok is a platform where people in the age group of 14 and 18 are found prevalently on. Besides, it highlights the issue- you are already online, so clearly what I'm saying is relevant to you!

Link to script

Link to video

PS: I don't actually have TikTok so I edited on movie and uploaded it to Google Drive