Example: Listening to the weather forecast

Listening for predictions: By asking students to predict what they are going to hear, based on a topic word or sentence, you are preparing your learners for what to expect. Guided questions help them decide what to listen for, and keep them focused on the main points. This technique can be repeated towards the end of a listening passage by asking students to predict the ending. This can be done in pairs or groups and it keeps students actively involved in the listening process.

Example

Before Listening:

Topic Introduction:

• Topic: Climate Change

• Sentence: "Today's listening passage will discuss the impact of climate change on polar bears."

Guided Questions:

1. "What do you predict the main challenges facing polar bears due to climate change might be?"

2. "Who do you think will be involved in the conversation about climate change and polar bears?"

3. "What solutions or actions do you anticipate the speakers might propose to help polar bears?"

Listening for comprehension: Exercise to check students' understanding

Example:

Listen to a conversation between two people discussing a movie and decide if statements are true or false.

Example: "The main character of the movie is a detective." (True/False)

Listening for language items

An exercise may require that you listen and identify specific lexical or grammatical items in a text

Examples:

-Listening for idiomatic expressions or phrasal verbs in a spoken passage. For instance, recognizing expressions like "kick the bucket" or "hit the hay" in a casual conversation.

-Listening for modal verbs or auxiliary verbs used in a conversation. For instance, recognizing the use of "can," "could," or "might" to express ability, possibility, or permission.

1. istening for Sentence Structures:

   • Listening for different sentence types, such as declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory sentences. For example, identifying questions in a conversation and noting the word order used.

   • Listening for sentence connectors or discourse markers. For instance, recognizing words like "however," "therefore," or "nevertheless" used to connect ideas in a spoken passage.

2. Listening for Functional Language:

   • Listening for specific language used for making requests, giving instructions, offering suggestions, etc. For example, identifying phrases like "Could you please...?" or "I suggest that we..."

Eg: What is the author’s opinion, choose the best summary

Definition:

Scanning is a reading skill used to quickly locate specific information in a text, such as names, dates, numbers, or key terms, without reading the entire passage comprehensively.

Example:

You need to find the answers quickly. Instead of reading the entire chapter word by word, you use scanning. You quickly skim through the paragraphs, looking for keywords or phrases related to each question.

Definition: Superficial reading involves quickly scanning through a text to gain a general understanding of its main points or topic without delving deeply into the details.

Example: Suppose you're assigned a lengthy article to read for a class, but you're short on time. Instead of reading every word, you skim through the article, paying attention to headings, subheadings, and the first sentences of paragraphs.

• A practical understanding is the approach in teaching is a form of instruction that promotes hands-on learning, real-world application, and problem solving which immerse students in hands-on activities that allow them to actively participate in, investigate, and experience the subject matter.

Definition: to get the general information of the text

Examples: give the students an article and ask what the article is talking about

Scanning:

Definition: look for specific information in the text

Example: Give the students the exercise that asks them to find out specific names, date, etc.

Superficial understanding

Definition: find out the main points based on the clues

Example: ask the students the questions "what the story is taking about?"

precise understanding: focus on the correct meaning of the word or sentence. Ex: In the sentence, 'The concert was rescheduled due to unforeseen circumstances,' precise understanding means recognizing that 'rescheduled' refers to a change in timing and 'unforeseen circumstances' indicates unexpected events.

1. Skimming:

   • Definition: Reading quickly through a text to find the main information without reading every detail.

   • Example: When needing to find an article on a specific topic, you can skim through paragraphs to determine if the article is relevant.

2. Scanning:

   • Definition: Reading rapidly to locate specific information or keywords in a text.

   • Example: When searching for a specific number in a data table, you can scan through the rows to quickly find the information you need.

3. Superficial reading:

   • Definition: Reading in a shallow or cursory manner, not paying attention to important details.

   • Example: Quickly reading an article without paying attention to main points or significant details presented by the author.

4. Imaginative reading:

   • Definition: Reading a text in a creative manner, imagining situations or images described in the text.

   • Example: While reading a novel, you may imagine landscapes, characters, and events in your imagination.

5. Precise understanding:

   • Definition: Understanding the content of a text accurately and in detail.

   • Example: Reading a computer manual carefully to understand each step thoroughly.

6. Practical understanding:

   • Definition: Understanding how to apply and use information in a practical and useful way in a specific situation.

   • Example: Reading instructions for using a product to learn how to use it in real-life situations or repair it when necessary.

Exapmple of Precise Understanding: Imagine This is the first time you learn you're learning how to bake cookies for the first time. You carefully follow a recipe, measuring out each ingredient precisely and following each step in the instructions.

Example: Meaning of a conversation between 2 people.

Scanning: Reading for specific information

Example: What's the tourist's telephone number?

Superficial reading: Reading for identifiable main points, clues, etc.

Example: What color of the dress they want to buy?

Imaginative reading: Reading with mental images to better understand and remember

Example: [Imagine] The Sun is rising.

Precise reading: Reading for definitions

Example: A paragraph about business skills (time management, task management, etc.) - what is time management?

Practical understanding: Reading using practical situations to test understanding

Example: How to tie your shoes - Follow the instructions

For example: You read “telephone” in the reading and you have to answer correctly “What does “telephone” mean?  It is a … ….  

Practical Reading: It involves or concerns about experience, real situations, or instructions,…..

Ex: You reading “ Cooking Book” and you have to follow the steps in it.

How many steps? What is step 1? , ….