The history and progression of governance in higher education by vg2110 vg https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i by Viktoriya Stavesky en-us 2021-03-06 18:50:49 UTC 2021-03-13 17:48:02 UTC hello@padlet.com 1-5 centuries – during the time of Roman empire the definition of Corpora has been established– as a body distinct from its parts.Romans had 5 conditions distinguishing corpora/universitas from an individual:1. It should have at least three members2. The decisions are made by majority vote3. The external actions performed via an agent4. The debts are ascribed to the organization and not individual members5. It can own property as a unity – the property does not belong to any individual member but to the whole organization (Duryea,2000). viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1277234577 2021-03-06 21:00:01 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1277234577 4th century – monastery schools started to appear. viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279039569 2021-03-07 17:43:50 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279039569 7th century – Charlemaigne obligated all monasteries and cathedrals to have their own schools with the goal of preparing noble male students for clerical vows and leading the churches viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279039924 2021-03-07 17:44:03 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279039924 1088 – the university of Bologna – the earliest of universities was established. A group of scholars and educators form Bologna received certain permissions and privileges from the Catholic church to become a corpora/universitas (Freedom Project Media, 2017). viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279040311 2021-03-07 17:44:17 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279040311 10-12th century – European Catholic church clerks established universities throughout France, Italy and Spain with some appearing in Paris. viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279041072 2021-03-07 17:44:34 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279041072 1158 – Emperor Frederik I gave students of Bologna privileges to congregate and begin courses of study. This was the university of ‘students.’ This model shaped universities of Spain and Latin America. viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279041572 2021-03-07 17:44:46 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279041572 1231 – the Paris university was awarded autonomy as an educational ‘universitas’ (group). The Parisian model involved vigorous study of basic literacy followed by scholastic philosophy directed at interpreting religious doctrines (Moore, 2019). It was the university of ‘masters.’ This model carried over to Cambridge, Oxford, and the universities of North America. viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279042036 2021-03-07 17:45:01 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279042036 1233 – Pope Gregory IX issued a papal bull that allowed anyone admitted to be a teacher in Toulouse had the right to teach in any other university without being ‘recertified’. This principal of the universal credential admittance is still valid today. viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279042444 2021-03-07 17:45:13 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279042444 15th century – the right to create corpora was taken from the universities in Paris and England by the ruling kings and emperors. Their approval has become key to confirmation of old charter and formation of new ones. viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279042823 2021-03-07 17:45:26 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279042823 16th century – the law has recognized the corporations in England. The corporas/universitas now could be sued as a group not as an individual, only for the belongings that belonged to the corporation. viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279043191 2021-03-07 17:45:39 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279043191 20th century -present – the board has gone through the transformation from very inactive members mainly concerned with donations to the members who are involved in cooperation with the faculty and staff to achieve common goals that benefit all stakeholders (AssocGovBoards, 2014). viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279043755 2021-03-07 17:45:55 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1279043755 1636 - Harvard University is established. The university is overseen by a Board of Overseers created by legislative act of the Massachussets General Court. The Overseers were rather a committee than a permanentautonomous governing board and were under control of the General Court viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288263240 2021-03-09 15:54:08 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288263240 1642 - the board gained more autonomy and started administering the university directly viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288298902 2021-03-09 15:59:51 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288298902 1650 - full autonomy has been granted, and the General Court created a College Corporation consisting of the president, fellows (faculty) and the treasurer additionally to the Board of Overseers. Two governing boards were governing Harvard at that time. The duties were split, and the Overseers controlled all major decisions and university funds. This trend was present in other colleges as well. viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288308173 2021-03-09 16:01:23 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288308173 1819 - a court case Trustees of Dartmouth College vs Woodward held that the New Hempshire state legislature could not unilaterally rescind or amend the Charter of Dartmouth College. The corporation Charter was a contract protected from the state imparement by the Constitution. This gave an important precedent for creation of future private colleges and universities. Dartmouth Case marked and important distinction between public and private higher education institutions. viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288351677 2021-03-09 16:08:29 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288351677 1862 - the Morrill Land-Grant Act stimulated the growth of universities by offering curricula in agriculture and mechanical arts. viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288408353 2021-03-09 16:17:47 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288408353 1870-1900 - the research university has become an established part of the national academia. Beurocratic structures also developed with the expansion of universities. The boards still consisted of trusties and the president, however, the social composition of trusties was changing. It has become more secular and more business oriented. viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288423716 2021-03-09 16:20:22 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288423716 1860-es - Alumni Trustee movement gained force. Alumni businessmen began to occupy positions on giverning boards. They were more interested in the college athletics representing the college than in academia. They solicited donations, represented college, and aproved institutional budgets. viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288465673 2021-03-09 16:27:13 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288465673 1915 - formation of American Association of University Professors (AAUP) demonstarted the growing demand of the academic profession for autonomy and protection of the ideals. There were often clashes between the presidents and faculty over the academic or administartive policies (Ricci, 1999). viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288495476 2021-03-09 16:32:12 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288495476 1960-es - rise of faculty unions and collective bargaining at public colleges and universities. Students participated in campus disorders seeking, among other demands, participation in university and college governing bodies (Ricci, 1999). viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288522095 2021-03-09 16:36:22 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288522095 1980 - The United States Supreme Court's Yeshiva decision made it extremely hard to unionize in private colleges and universities (Ricci, 1999). viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288544370 2021-03-09 16:40:01 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1288544370 1900 - Association of American Universities was founded by thirteen American institutions including Harvard, Johns Hopkins, and Columbia viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1305699718 2021-03-13 17:41:33 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1305699718 1916 - The Committee on College and University Governance is created viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1305703124 2021-03-13 17:43:32 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1305703124 1917 - Status of Women in College and University Faculties Committee is created viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1305704488 2021-03-13 17:44:30 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1305704488 1990 - the Committe on Part-time and Term-appointed faculty was created within AAUP viktoriyagales https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1305708376 2021-03-13 17:47:10 UTC https://padlet.com/viktoriyagales/snlpibrm6s0mjn9i/wish/1305708376