Common Types of Macromolecules Concept Map by

Proteins

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Lipids

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Carbohydrates

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Carbohydrates are Carbon based molecules the include water in its structure

Nucleic Acids

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Structure

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Functions

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Structure

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Function

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Structure

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Function

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Structure

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Function

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Macromolecules

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Extra room( Don’t Move)

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Nucleotide

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Monomer

5- Carbon Sugar

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-structural integrity

-aromatic structure

Phosphate group

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Nitrogenous Base

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Double Helix

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-Polymer: two strands twisted around eachother

-eukaryotes and some prokaryotes

-A-T (2 H-Bonds)

-G-C (3 H-Bonds)

Ribose

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In RNA

Deoxyribose

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In DNA

Purines

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(2 rings)

Pyrimidines

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(1 ring)

Adenine

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(both DNA and RNA)

Guanine

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(both DNA and RNA)

Thymine

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(DNA Only)

Cytosine

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(both DNA & RNA)

Uracil

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(RNA Only)

Phosphodiester Bond

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-dehydration reaction
-a covalent bond that forms polymers

-formed between the phosphate of one and the sugar

of the next nucleotide

-read the structure from the 5’ & 3’ end of the carbons

Genetic Makeup Blueprint

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(DNA)

-replication of DNA

-transmission of genetic information

DNA

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Heterochromatin

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Euchromatin

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Primary Protein

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https://teachmephysiology.com/biochemistry/protein-synthesis/protein-structure/

Secondary Protein

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https://teachmephysiology.com/biochemistry/protein-synthesis/protein-structure/

Amino Acids

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Monomer

Amino Group

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Carboxyl Group

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R group (side chain)

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Enzyme Catalysis

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Enzymes are biological catalysts that facilitate specific chemical reactions. Most enzymes are three dimensional globular proteins that fit snugly around molecules they act on.

Example: Glycosidases

Support

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Protein fibers play structural roles. These fibers include keratin in hair, fibrin in blood clots, and collagen. The last one, collagen, forms the matrix of skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones and is the most abundant protein in a vertebrate body.

Example: Collagen

Transport

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- move ATP
-move H₂O
-move oxygen
-move energy stored in forms of carbs

Example: Hemoglobin

Glycerol Backbone

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monomer

Fatty Acid Tails

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hydrophobic
monomer

Chromosome

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-human DNA consists of 23 pairs

Phosphate Group

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Hydrophilic

Peptide bonds

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Polymer

3-carbon polyalcohol

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Hydrogen atom

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RNA

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Saturated

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Unsaturated

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Maintain membrane fluidity

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Messenger RNA

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(mRNA)

-serves to carry information

Transport RNA

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(tRNA)

-serves to carry amino acids

Metaphase

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chromosomes aligned at the equator, the kinetochore microtubule connects sister chromatids to opposite poles.

Monosaccharides

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Simplest carbohydrate with 6 carbons that link together to form polysaccharides

Glucose

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Example (one of the most important carbohydrates in the human body)

Fructose

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Example

Aldehydes

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Functional Groups containing a carbon double bonded to and oxygen that resided that the end of a carbon chain

Ketones

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Functional group containing a carbon double bonded to an oxygen in the middle of a carbon chain

Saccharides

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A structure made by linking two or more monosaccharides together

Lactose (Disaccharide)

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Di=2

Chitosan (Oligiosaccharide)

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Oligo= 3-20

Polysaccharides

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20+ chains, long chains of saccharide molecules

Cyclic Structures

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Required for polymerizatrion

Alpha Configuration

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Hydroxyl group is trans

Beta Configuration

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Hydroxyl group is cis

Glycosidic Bonds

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Bonds is formed by a linkage of monosaccharides, these bonds are very stable and not very reactive

Maltose

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A molecule made of a linkage between two glucose molecules

Cellulose

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Most abundant polysaccharide found in nature

Homopolysaccharides

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Polysaccharides that are not soluble in water

Dehydration Synthesis

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The synthesis of a larger molecule from a smaller molecule when water is released

Metabolic Reactions

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Biochemical processes that are vital for all life on earth

Photosynthesis

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Plants form of acquiring ATP that also produce glucose

Respiration

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Form of producing ATP that uses glucose as a reactant

Nucleic Acid and Nucleotide Synthesis

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Pathways that use energy from many sources including glucose to produce nucleic acid and nucleotides

Glucose

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Starting reactant of many metabolic processes, ATP production, storage, biosynthesis

Pancreas

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Secretes digestive enzymes and regulates blood sugar

Pancreatic Functioning After Eating

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Circular Molecule

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Prokaryotes

ribosomal RNA

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(rRNA)

-serves as part of the ribosome to transcribe DNA

Component of Energy Reactions

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-Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

-produces energy from hydrolysis reactions.

Electron Carriers

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-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)

-Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD).

-used during photosynthesis and respiration

Information Storage

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(DNA & RNA)

Nucleosome

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-DNA strand wound against a histone protein core

-histone protein regulate accessible genes

Chromatin

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-fibers coiled around histone protein

Interphase

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Growth period
-G1, S, G2- phases included

G1

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-Grow and repair damages of cell

Synthesis or S Phase

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-DNA is copied

G2 Phase

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-final repairs before division

Mitosis

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Cell Division

Cytokinesis

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- separate daughter cells into distinct paths

Step 1

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After eating there is a large intake of glucose causing the blood sugar to go up

Step 2

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Pancreas secretes insulin

Step 3

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Insulin tells liver to store excess glucose as glycogen

Step 4

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Blood sugar decreases back to baseline

Pancreatic Functioning When Not Eating For Long Periods Of Time

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Storage of energy

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Tertiary Protein

henrysummer44_ — 2023-11-29 16:17:24 UTC

https://teachmephysiology.com/biochemistry/protein-synthesis/protein-structure/

Insulation from environment

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Quaternary Protein

henrysummer44_ — 2023-11-29 16:19:19 UTC

https://teachmephysiology.com/biochemistry/protein-synthesis/protein-structure/

Membrane structure

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Cofactors for enzymes and signaling molecules

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Low thermal conductivity

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Hydrophobic nature

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Cell membrane

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Vesicle formation

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Hormones

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Act locally

Growth factors

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Vitamin A and D

High heat capacity

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Can “absorb” heat

Mechanical protection

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Can absorb shocks

Protein Synthesis

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-through transcription process of RNA outside the nucleus

Transcription

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-copies gene into single-stranded nucleic acid

-catalyzed by enzyme RNA polymerase

Telophase

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the two sets of daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and decondense
new nuclear envelope forms around each set.

Nucleoside

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Chromatid

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-single strand of chromosome

Defense

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These cell surface receptors form the core of the body’s endocrine and immune system

Example: Antibodies

Motion

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Muscles contract through the sliding motion of two kinds of protein filaments: actin and myosin. Contractile proteins also play key roles in the cells cytoskeleton and in moving materials within cells

Example: Actin

Regulation

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Small proteins called hormones serve as intercellular messengers in animals.

Example: Serum Albumin

Storage

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Calcium and iron are stored in the body by binding as ions to storage proteins

Example: Ferritin

Alpha carbon

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The 3D shape of proteins composed of coils & folds of peptide bonds

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When one or more Polypeptide chain is present

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Interactions between amino groups and groups to make a protein

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Polar

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Hydrophobic

Example: Threonine, have R groups that contain Oxygen (or —OH)

Nonpolar

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Hydrophilic

Example: Leucine, often have R groups that contain —CH2 or —CH3

Acid

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Negatively charged

Base

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Positively charged

Binary Fission

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G0

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-resting or none dividing cells

Prophase

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the sister chromatids will condense, and the centrosome outside the nucleus will separate
the microtubule will form between the centrosomes to make the mitotic spindle

Anaphase

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sister chromatids separate to form two daughter chromosomes
each is pulled toward two opposite poles

Step 1

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Pancreas secretes glucagon

Step 2

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Glucagon tells the liver to break down glycogen

Step 3

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Breakdown of glycogen releases glucose into the blood

Step 4

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Blood sugar rises back to baseline

Liver

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Stores glucose and releases it when glycogen tells it to

Glycogen Stores in Liver

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Long term storage molecule for glucose

Glycogen synthesis

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Glycogen is a branched polymer this is because it increase the rate of storage and retrieval

prevents loss of water

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via exploration

Fully single bonds

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Single double bond

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Glycogenesis

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Liver stores glucose as glycogen

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nutritional value

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related to methyl end

Glycogenolysis

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Glycogen is broken down to supply glucose

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Storage

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Carbohydrate Storage in Animals

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Glycogen acts as the min storage polysaccharide

Dietary omega-3 fatty acids

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Come from leafy greens and fish

Carbohydrate Storage in Plants

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Starch acts as the main storage polysaccharide in plants

Triacylglycerols

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simplest form made from fatty acids

Tightly Coiled Chromatin

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-protein within is not active

Enzyme

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Enzyme-substrate complex

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Enzyme-product complex

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Enzyme releases product

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Trans fatty acids

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Developed to reduce incidence of product spoilage

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Short chain aldehydes

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carboxylic acids

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Loosely-wound Chromatin

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-protein within active

Centromere

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-the center of a chromatid

Telomere

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-name for head and tail of chromatid

Cytosolic Granules

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These are made up of highly compact molecules of glycogen because glycogen alone tends to take up a lot of space

Glycogen stores in Muscle

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Long term storage molecule for glucose

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phospholipids

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polymer

spontaneously form a bilayer

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because of amphipathic structure

lipid bilayers are studded with proteins

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prevents penetration of toxic substances

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indicates a good insulating material

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Alpha Helix

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B Pleated sheet

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Aromatic amino acids

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Example: Phenylalanine, have R groups that contain an organic (carbon) ring with alternating single and double bonds. These are also nonpolar

Parallel

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A Helix and B sheet can be parallel depending on whether the adjacent sections of peptide are oriented in the same direction

Antiparallel

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A Helix and B sheet can be antiparallel depending on whether the adjacent sections of peptide are oriented in the opposite direction

Cylindrical

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Planar

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Hydrophobic residues in the interior

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Hydrophilic residues on the exterior

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Disulfide Bond

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Hemoglobin

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