Atherosclerosis by TAN XIN YI, NICOLE https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc en-us 2022-07-26 03:23:08 UTC 2022-07-26 06:44:57 UTC hello@padlet.com Atherosclerosis nurulfatihahazmi03 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2248751618 2022-07-24 11:58:06 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2248751618 nurulfatihahazmi03 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2248752157 Hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by gradual fibrofatty plaques or atheroma within artery wall ]]> 2022-07-24 12:01:19 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2248752157 Drugs for Dyslipidemia 210102301 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249668142 2022-07-26 03:26:20 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249668142 nurulfatihahazmi03 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249668746 2022-07-26 03:27:28 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249668746 210102301 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249669079 Bile acid sequestrants 
  • Liver uses cholesterol and other chemicals to produce bile acids → BAS binds to bile acids and remove from system → Bile acid level decreases, liver need to take cholesterol from bloodstream to make more bile acids 
]]> 2022-07-26 03:28:07 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249669079 Lipoprotein nurulfatihahazmi03 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249669215 2022-07-26 03:28:22 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249669215 nurulfatihahazmi03 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249669842
  • Complex particles that have central hydrophobic core of non-polar lipids, primarily triglycerides and cholesterol esters
  • Surrounded by hydrophilic membrane consisting of phospholipids, free cholesterol and *apolipoproteins
    • ]]>     2022-07-26 03:29:25 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249669842     210102301 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249670144 Statins 
    • Blocking of HMG-coA reductase inhibits the production pathway of cholesterol leading to a decrease in cholesterol level 
    • Inhibit cholesterol synthesis: 1) stimulates the synthesis of LDL receptors  2) increase LDL-C uptake 3) decrease secretion of VLDL 
    ]]>     2022-07-26 03:29:54 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249670144     nurulfatihahazmi03 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249670172 2022-07-26 03:29:57 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249670172 nurulfatihahazmi03 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249670478 Accumulation of lipids in the intima of the arteries, narrowing the lumen and compressing the muscular layer

    ]]>     2022-07-26 03:30:28 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249670478     nurulfatihahazmi03 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249671378 Process of forming plaques in the intima layer of arteries

    ]]>     2022-07-26 03:32:10 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249671378     1. Endothelial dysfunction nurulfatihahazmi03 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249672188
  • Caused by various agents (hemodynamic and chemical stressors)
  • Results --> impairment of permeability barrier function, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, stimulation of adhesion molecules on the cell surface --> leukocyte recruitment, and altered antithrombotic properties and release of vasoactive molecules 
    • ]]>     2022-07-26 03:33:46 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249672188     2. Leukocytes migration nurulfatihahazmi03 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249672432
  • Endothelial cells express adhesion molecules capture monocytes (leukocytes) on their surfaces. 
  • Adhesion of blood monocytes to activated endothelial cells leads to their migration into intima.
    • ]]>     2022-07-26 03:34:12 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249672432     3. Foam cells formation nurulfatihahazmi03 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249672644
  • Inside the intima, monocytes mature and transform into macrophages that uptake the oxidized LDL particles to yield foam cells.
    • ]]>     2022-07-26 03:34:35 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249672644     4. Smooth muscle formation nurulfatihahazmi03 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249672850
  • Inside growing atheroma, smooth muscle cells are transferred from the tunica media into the tunica intima. The smooth muscle cells and macrophages die in advanced lesions by apoptosis. 
  • These dead cells derive the extracellular lipid that builds up the plaque composed of the necrotic lipid core
    • ]]>     2022-07-26 03:35:00 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249672850     210102301 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249672925 Cholesterol absorption inhibitors 
    • Mainly reduce LDL and total cholesterol
    • Jejunum; acts by blocking transport protein --> cholesterol will not be absorbed 
    • Use with diet and statins 

    ]]>     2022-07-26 03:35:08 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249672925     5. Plaque rupture nurulfatihahazmi03 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249673404
  • Plaques cause stenosis and limit blood flow
  • Leading to tissue ischemia
  • When the fibrous cap of a plaque ruptures, blood coagulation components come into contact with the thrombogenic plaque and produce thrombi.
    • ]]>     2022-07-26 03:36:03 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249673404     Transport nurulfatihahazmi03 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249674057 2022-07-26 03:37:07 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249674057 Modifiable risk factors nurulfatihahazmi03 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249674594
  • Raised lipoprotein(a) 
  • Reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Obesity
  • Physical inactivity
  • Raised coagulation factors (e.g. factor VII, fibrinogen)
  • Raised homocysteine
  • Chronic hyperlipidaemia 
  • Raised low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
    • ]]>     2022-07-26 03:37:58 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249674594     210102301 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249674798 Fibrates
    • Reduce VLDL (decrease production & increase clearance) 
    • PPARa nuclear receptor --> increase gene transcription for:
    lipoprotein lipase → decrease VLDL 
    apoA1 and apoA2 → increase HDL level 

    ]]>     2022-07-26 03:38:19 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249674798     Complications of atherosclerosis nurulfatihahazmi03 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249675401 •Coronary artery disease
    •Carotid artery disease
    •Peripheral artery disease
    •Aneurysms
    •Chronic kidney disease

    ]]>     2022-07-26 03:39:15 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249675401     210102301 https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249677746  Omega 3 fatty acids  
    •  Limit production of VLDL in liver 
    • Increase VLDL clearance by taking it back into the liver from the bloodstream 
    • Reduce risk of myocardial infraction & stroke in patients
    ]]>     2022-07-26 03:43:01 UTC https://padlet.com/21021333_2/sm5fgwezq7uctosc/wish/2249677746