In Italy, food is not just something to eat, it’s a way to share time with family and friends. Meals usually include several courses: appetizers, first course (pasta or rice), second course (meat or fish), side dish , and desserts.

Typical Italian drinks are wine, which is produced all over the country, and espresso, a strong coffee that Italians love to drink at any time of day.

Another important tradition is the aperitivo, a light drink such as Aperol Spritz or Campari served with small snacks before dinner.

Italian cuisine is simple but rich in flavor. It represents the Italian lifestyle full of taste, warmth, and togetherness.

Giada and Vittoria IIS. Montale

Our country lies between the Asian and European continents. Its capital is Ankara. Its flag features a white crescent and star on a red background. Its official language is Turkish. Its population is approximately 85 million.

In our country, national holidays, religious holidays, and local festivals are celebrated with great enthusiasm. Holidays like Republic Day, April 23rd, and May 19th reinforce national unity. Ramadan and Eid al-Adha are times of sharing and solidarity. Furthermore, our cultural richness is kept alive through regional festivals, folk dances, and musical events.

In our country, traditional clothing is an important part of cultural identity. Costumes, hand embroidery, and accessories vary by region, reflecting values ​​passed down from the past to the present. The colors, patterns, and ornaments in men's and women's clothing reflect the region's culture.

Turkey is located between Asia and Europe, acting as a cultural and geographical bridge. The capital city is Ankara, while Istanbul is the largest city. The national flag is red with a white crescent and star. The official language is Turkish, and the population is about 85 million. Throughout history, Turkey has hosted many civilizations.

Music, dance, and art are integral parts of life in our country. Folk music expresses the culture and emotions of each region through melodies. Traditional dances such as the Zeybek, Horon, and Halay symbolize social solidarity. Renowned artists from theater, painting, literature, and cinema promote our culture internationally.

In Turkey, Ramadan Feast and Sacrifice Feast are the most important religious holidays. National celebrations include April 23rd National Sovereignty and Children’s Day, May 19th Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day, August 30th Victory Day, and October 29th Republic Day. Local traditions such as Nevruz, Hıdırellez, and regional festivals are also celebrated.

Cultural values ​​in our country are based on respect, hospitality, and solidarity. The importance placed on family forms the foundation of social structure. Adherence to traditions, courtesy in relationships between adults and children, and a culture of social cooperation are integral parts of daily life. These values ​​form a strong bridge connecting the past and the present.

Turkish cuisine is very diverse. Kebabs, stuffed vegetables (dolma), dumplings (mantı), flatbreads (gözleme), and pastries (börek) are popular dishes. During holidays, baklava, Turkish delight, and candies are served. Tea is the most consumed drink in daily life, while Turkish coffee is recognized by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage. Each region has its own specialties, such as anchovy in the Black Sea, lahmacun in the Southeast, and meat bread in Central Anatolia.

Traditional costumes in Turkey vary by region. In the Aegean, efe outfits are worn for the zeybek dance, while in the Black Sea, special costumes are used for horon. In Central Anatolia, şalvar and embroidered vests are common. For women, bindallı, üç etek, and embroidered headscarves are traditional clothing. Weddings include important traditions such as the henna night and gift-giving ceremonies.

Turkish folk music is played with instruments such as the bağlama, drum, and zurna. Famous folk dances include zeybek, horon, halay, and kaşık oyunu. The whirling dervishes of Mevlana are part of our cultural heritage. In modern arts, Orhan Pamuk (literature), Fazıl Say (music), and Ara Güler (photography) are internationally recognized figures.

Hospitality is very important in Turkish culture. People show respect to each other, and family ties are strong. Sharing and helping others are highly valued. Neighborly relations are close, and it is common to bring food to each other on special days.

In Turkey, students start lessons in the morning and have breaks at noon. National holidays are celebrated with ceremonies at schools. Students take national exams to enter universities. Summer vacation lasts about three months. On special days such as April 23rd and May 19th, students perform shows and ceremonies.

School life begins with morning classes and continues with lunch and breaks. Daily routines include lessons, homework, and club activities. Semester and summer breaks are important throughout the year, allowing students to rest and prepare for the new term. Various traditions are observed in schools; students celebrate important holidays such as April 23rd National Sovereignty and Children's Day and May 19th Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day. Students also prepare for national exams such as the LGS and YKS to advance to the next level of education.

Istanbul is the only city built on two continents. The fairy chimneys of Cappadocia are world-famous. Pamukkale’s travertines are among our natural wonders. Turkish coffee is listed as UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Göbeklitepe, the world’s oldest temple, is located in Turkey.

Türkiye stands out for both its historical and cultural riches. For example, in Cappadocia, people still live among fairy chimneys and use underground cities. In Gaziantep, baklava is so famous that an annual "Baklava Festival" is held. In some Black Sea villages, anchovy cooking competitions are held in different ways. In Türkiye, students celebrate the holiday in the streets on April 23rd, while youth marches on May 19th recreate historical moments. In some cities, people wake up with the morning call to prayer, drink coffee, and begin the day with friendly conversation; these small rituals enliven the daily lives of the people of the country.

Turkey is a country located between the continents of Asia and Europe, with its capital city in Ankara. It is bordered by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west. The official language is Turkish, and the currency is the Turkish Lira. The national flag consists of a white crescent and star on a red background. With a population of about 86 million, Istanbul is the country’s most populous city. Turkey is governed as a republic.

Turkish cuisine is rich and diverse, featuring dishes like kebab, dolma, börek, and mantı. Baklava and künefe are popular desserts, while tea and Turkish coffee are traditional drinks. During holidays, families prepare baklava and stuffed grape leaves, emphasizing sharing and hospitality.

Many national and local holidays and festivals are celebrated in Turkey throughout the year. April 23, May 19, August 30, and October 29 are important national holidays. Ramadan and Eid al-Adha are religious holidays. Celebrations such as Nevruz, Hıdırellez, the Kırkpınar Oil Wrestling Festival, and the Golden Orange Film Festival also demonstrate Turkey's cultural richness.

Traditional clothing in Turkey varies by region. Women often wear şalvar, bindallı, or layered skirts, along with headscarves or fes. Men wear cepken, şalvar, and poşu. These outfits are still worn during weddings, holidays, and folk dances. In daily life, modern clothing is common, but traditional garments are preserved as part of Turkey’s cultural heritage.

Turkey has a rich tradition of music, dance, and arts. Folk music and Turkish classical music are popular, with instruments like the bağlama and ney. Traditional dances include halay, zeybek, and horon. Festivals, exhibitions, and theater are common, and famous artists like Sezen Aksu and Zeki Müren highlight the country’s blend of traditional and modern arts.

In Turkey, cultural values emphasize family, hospitality, respect, and community. Strong family ties, honoring elders, and welcoming guests are important, while traditions and national or religious holidays reinforce social unity and belonging.

In Turkey, education is divided into primary, secondary, and high school. Students follow a daily routine with classes and breaks, and have summer, semester, and national holidays. Traditions include graduation ceremonies and school events, while the YKS exam is required for university admission.

Turkey is the only country located in both Europe and Asia. Istanbul has over 3,000 mosques, and tea is a daily staple, with people drinking about 3 cups a day. Tulips originally came from Turkey, and Saint Nicholas, the inspiration for Santa Claus, was from Patara. Fun traditions, like breaking plates at weddings, add to the country’s charm.

Spain is known for its colorful and diverse festivals.
Major celebrations include Semana Santa (Holy Week), Las Fallas in Valencia, San Fermín in Pamplona (running of the bulls), La Tomatina (tomato-throwing festival), Carnival, and La Mercè in Barcelona.
National holidays include New Year’s Day (Jan 1), Epiphany (Jan 6), Labour Day (May 1), Assumption (Aug 15), National Day (Oct 12), All Saints’ Day (Nov 1), Constitution Day (Dec 6), and Christmas (Dec 25).

Spain is a country with many famous and colorful festivals throughout the year. One of the most well-known celebrations is La Semana Santa, where cities hold religious processions with music and traditional costumes. Another important festivity is La Tomatina, a fun tomato-throwing festival that takes place in Buñol every August.

In March, Valencia celebrates Las Fallas, a festival full of fire, huge sculptures, fireworks, and street parties. Many people also enjoy San Fermín in Pamplona, known for the running of the bulls. These festivals show Spain’s strong traditions, joyful spirit, and love for community celebrations.

Spain is a European country found in the southwest of the continent, on the Iberian Peninsula. Its capital is Madrid, a vibrant and modern city. Spanish is the main language, although several regions also speak languages like Basque, Catalan, or Galician.

The flag of Spain is made up of three horizontal bands: a yellow stripe in the center, which is larger, and two red stripes above and below it. On the yellow band, the national coat of arms is displayed. Spain has a population of about 48 million people and is well known for its traditions, tasty cuisine, sunny climate, and lively culture.

Spanish cuisine is very diverse and famous for dishes such as paella, Spanish omelette, gazpacho and salmorejo. Other popular foods include Iberian ham, croquettes and Galician-style octopus. Typical drinks are sangria, tinto de verano, Valencian horchata and cider from the north.

Food plays an important role in Spanish celebrations. At Christmas, families usually eat seafood, roasted meats and sweets like turrón. On New Year’s Eve, it is traditional to eat twelve grapes with the midnight chimes, and on Epiphany people enjoy the Roscón de Reyes. During Easter, typical foods include torrijas and cod-based dishes.

Spain also has unique eating customs: breakfast is usually light, lunch is the main meal of the day, and dinner is eaten late. It is also very common to go out for tapas, small dishes that are shared with friends and family.

Romania – General Information

Romania is a beautiful country located in Southeastern Europe, at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe. It shares borders with Ukraine, Moldova, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, and has access to the Black Sea. The capital city of Romania is Bucharest, which is also the largest and most important cultural and economic center of the country.

The national flag of Romania consists of three vertical stripes: blue, yellow, and red. These colors represent freedom, justice, and fraternity. The official language spoken in Romania is Romanian, a Romance language that comes from Latin. Most people in the country speak Romanian as their first language.

Romania has a population of around 19 million people. The country is known for its rich history, beautiful landscapes, and diverse traditions, making it an interesting place to visit and learn about.

Romania has many national and local celebrations that reflect its rich culture, traditions, and history. The most important national holiday is Romania’s National Day, celebrated on December 1st, which marks the Great Union of 1918. On this day, people enjoy military parades, concerts, and various cultural events across the country, especially in Bucharest and Alba Iulia.

Another important celebration is Easter, one of the most cherished religious holidays. Families gather to attend church, paint red eggs, and enjoy traditional foods like lamb dishes and cozonac. Christmas is also widely celebrated, with decorated streets, caroling groups called colindători, and traditional dishes such as sarmale.

Romania also has many local and traditional festivals. The Sighișoara Medieval Festival attracts visitors with its historical reenactments, costumes, and music, while the Hora de la Prislop festival in Maramureș celebrates folk dances and customs. In Bucovina, the Easter Egg Decorating Festival highlights the unique art of hand-painted eggs.

Other important days include Dragobete on February 24th, the Romanian traditional celebration of love, and Mărțișor on March 1st, when people give each other small red-and-white strings as symbols of spring and good luck.

These festivities and holidays show the vibrant spirit of the Romanian people and their deep connection to tradition, family, and culture.

Romania has a rich culinary tradition that reflects its history and regional diversity. Typical Romanian dishes are hearty, flavorful, and often inspired by a mix of Balkan, Turkish, Hungarian, and Slavic influences. One of the most popular dishes is sarmale, cabbage rolls filled with minced meat and rice, usually served with sour cream and mămăligă. Another well-known dish is mici (or mititei), grilled skinless sausages seasoned with garlic and spices, often enjoyed during picnics and celebrations. Ciorbă, a sour soup made with vegetables, meat, and fermented wheat bran, is also a staple in Romanian cuisine.

Special holiday meals hold an important place in Romanian culture. For Christmas, families traditionally prepare piftie (a jelly-like pork dish), cozonac (sweet bread with nuts, cocoa, or Turkish delight), and sarmale. During Easter, the traditional meals include lamb dishes, drob (a herb-and-liver terrine), and red-painted eggs, which symbolize new life and renewal. These foods are often prepared together with family, following customs passed down through generations.

Traditional drinks also play a big role in Romanian culture. Țuica, a strong plum brandy, is considered a national drink and is usually served to guests as a sign of hospitality. In rural areas, people also enjoy pălincă, a stronger fruit spirit. For festive meals, many Romanians drink wine, as the country is known for its vineyards and long winemaking tradition.

Culinary customs in Romania emphasize sharing, hospitality, and celebrating together. Meals are often large, enjoyed with family and friends, and connected to important moments in life and the annual cycle of holidays. Romanian cuisine, with its rich flavors and traditions, is a proud part of the country's cultural identity.

Traditional clothing in Romania is an important symbol of the country’s cultural identity. Although styles vary from region to region, Romanian folk costumes share certain common elements. Women traditionally wear an ie, a white embroidered blouse made of cotton or linen, paired with a skirt called a fustă or catrință, which is often decorated with colorful patterns. Men usually wear a white shirt, a wide belt, white trousers, and a vest or waistcoat made from wool. Both men’s and women’s costumes often include intricate hand-embroidered designs that represent nature, family, and local beliefs.

Accessories also have a special meaning in Romanian traditions. Women wear headscarves, beads, or silver jewelry that differ from one region to another. In mountain areas, people often use thick woolen coats called cojoace, decorated with traditional motifs. Another important accessory is the mărțișor, a small red-and-white string with a charm, worn on clothing in early spring as a symbol of luck and renewal.

Many customs are connected to clothing. The ie is worn during folk festivals, dances, weddings, and national celebrations, showing pride in Romanian heritage. On special occasions such as weddings, traditional costumes are still used in some rural areas, where the bride and groom wear specific colors and patterns that represent purity, family, and local customs. During winter traditions, such as the caroling groups on Christmas or New Year’s Eve, participants wear costumes decorated with fur, bells, and masks that symbolize protection from evil spirits.

Romanian traditional clothing is not only a reminder of the past but also a living tradition that continues to inspire modern fashion and connect people to their cultural roots.

Music, dance, and the arts play an important role in Romania’s cultural identity. Romanian folk music is known for its lively rhythms, emotional melodies, and the use of traditional instruments such as the nai (pan flute), cobza, violin, and accordion. Each region has its own musical style: for example, the music of Maramureș is energetic and joyful, while the songs from Moldova are often slower and more melodic. Folk musicians, known as lăutari, are respected for their skill and passion.

Traditional Romanian dances are colorful, energetic, and performed in groups. One of the most famous dances is the Hora, a circle dance in which people hold hands and move rhythmically together. Another popular dance is the Sârba, known for its fast tempo and complex steps. In Transylvania, the Fecioreasca dance is performed by men, showcasing strength, agility, and local tradition. These dances are often performed at weddings, festivals, and national celebrations.

Romania also has many cultural events that celebrate its artistic heritage. The George Enescu International Festival, held in Bucharest, is one of the most important classical music festivals in Europe. Folk festivals such as Cerbul de Aur (“The Golden Stag”) and the International Folklore Festival in Sibiu bring together artists from all over the world. Theatre, painting, and sculpture also thrive, with museums and art galleries showcasing Romania’s rich artistic history.

The country is home to many famous artists who have gained international recognition. George Enescu, a brilliant composer and violinist, is considered the greatest Romanian musician. The sculptor Constantin Brâncuși is one of the most influential modern artists in the world, known for his simple, elegant forms. In contemporary times, artists like pianist Alexandra Dăriescu and soprano Angela Gheorghiu continue to represent Romania on global stages.

Through its vibrant music, expressive dances, and rich arts, Romania celebrates its heritage and shares its cultural treasures with the world.

Romanian culture is shaped by a long history, strong family ties, and deep respect for traditions. Family is one of the most important values in Romanian society. People often live close to their relatives, celebrate holidays together, and support one another in difficult times. Respect for elders is seen as essential, and grandparents play an important role in raising children and passing down traditions.

Hospitality is another central value. Romanians are known for welcoming guests warmly, offering food, drinks, and making visitors feel at home. It is common for hosts to insist that guests eat more, as this is seen as a sign of kindness and generosity. Saying “thank you” and showing gratitude is considered polite and important.

Romanians also value education, hard work, and politeness. People generally use formal greetings when meeting someone for the first time, such as “Bună ziua” (Good afternoon) or a polite handshake. Addressing others with respect, especially in professional or formal settings, is very important.

Another important aspect of Romanian culture is the connection to traditions and national identity. Folk customs, dances, traditional clothing, and holiday rituals continue to be celebrated, especially in rural areas. Respect for cultural heritage is reflected in festivals, museums, and community events throughout the country.

Romanians appreciate community spirit, cooperation, and helping others. Many cultural norms encourage people to be modest, friendly, and considerate. At the same time, Romanians value humor, storytelling, and sharing experiences, which creates a warm and social atmosphere in everyday life.

Through these norms and values, Romania preserves its cultural richness while embracing modern changes, keeping a strong sense of identity and unity.

School life in Romania is organized and structured, with a focus on learning, discipline, and personal development. A typical school day usually starts in the morning, around 8:00 AM, and lasts until early afternoon. Students attend different subjects throughout the day, such as mathematics, Romanian language, history, biology, and foreign languages. Between classes, short breaks allow students to relax, talk with friends, or prepare for the next lesson. Many schools also offer optional activities, like sports, music, or art clubs.

The school year in Romania is divided into five modules, with several holidays. The most important break is the winter holiday, followed by the spring holiday around Easter, and the long summer vacation that lasts from June to September. There are also shorter breaks in autumn and February for younger students. During holidays, students enjoy free time, travel, or take part in family traditions.

Romanian students also take part in several school traditions. For example, the first day of school on September 15th is celebrated with a special ceremony where students, teachers, and parents gather in the schoolyard. At the end of the school year, graduates often participate in the Last Bell ceremony, marking their transition to a new stage in education. Many schools also organize excursions, cultural events, and contests to help students develop new skills and strengthen friendships.

During their school years, students must pass several national exams. At the end of 8th grade, they take the National Evaluation, which determines their admission to high school. At the end of 12th grade, students take the Baccalaureate Exam, an important test that allows them to enter university. These exams focus on key subjects such as Romanian language, mathematics, and foreign languages.

Overall, school life in Romania combines academic learning with traditions, celebrations, and personal growth, preparing students for their future education and careers.

Romania is a country full of surprising and unique facts that make it truly special. One of the most famous places in Romania is Bran Castle, often known as “Dracula’s Castle.” Although the real Dracula never lived there, the legend of Count Dracula was inspired by Romanian history and folklore, attracting millions of tourists every year.

Romania is also home to the Danube Delta, one of the largest and most biodiverse wetlands in Europe. It hosts over 300 species of birds, making it a paradise for nature lovers. Another unusual natural wonder is the Merry Cemetery in Săpânța, known for its colorful wooden crosses decorated with humorous poems describing the lives of the people buried there.

Did you know that the first-ever perfect 10 in Olympic history was scored by a Romanian? In 1976, gymnast Nadia Comăneci earned this record-breaking score, becoming a worldwide legend.

Romania is also the birthplace of the modern jet engine, invented by Henri Coandă, and the home of famous sculptor Constantin Brâncuși, whose works are admired around the world. The Romanian language itself is unique—although Romania is surrounded by Slavic countries, Romanian is a Romance language, related to Italian, Spanish, and French.

Another fact: the town of Timișoara was the first in Europe to use electric street lighting, back in 1884. And in Transylvania, you can find bears that live near towns and sometimes wander into nearby forests and hills, showing the country’s strong connection to wildlife.

From legends and inventions to natural wonders and historic achievements, Romania is full of interesting stories that make it a fascinating place to explore.

Hi I am Alba and I am from Spain.The most famoust festivities are Las Fallas of Valencia,San Fermín and Holy Week(Semana Santa).

Las Fallas are celebrated from the 15th to 19th of March. They consist of the creation and exhibition of huge figures with person form called fallas, which represent satirical or cultural scenes. The festival ends with the "Cremà", when all the fallas are burned in an impressive fire show and fireworks.

The San Fermínes are celebrated from July 6th to 14th. It is famous for the "encierros", where runners race in front of bulls through the streets of Pamplona. There is also music, tradition, and people dress with the typical white and red clothing.

The Holy Week is one of the most important celebrations in our country it is celebrated throughout Spain. Religious brotherhoods carry sacred statues through the streets in emotional processions accompanied by music and dressed up with especial clothes.In these festivities is very tipical to eat "torrijas", that consist of bread soaked in milk and fried,and coated with sugar and cinnamon.

Spain is a country located in the southwest of Europe, on the Iberian Peninsula. Its capital city is Madrid.

The flag of Spain has three horizontal stripes: red, yellow (the widest one), and red, with the national coat of arms on the yellow stripe, close to the flagpole.

The official language is Spanish (Castilian), although other co-official languages are spoken in some regions, such as Catalan, Galician, and Basque.

Spain has a population of about 47 million people.

The country is known for its rich culture, delicious food (like paella and tapas), historical cities, varied landscapes, and strong regional traditions.

I hope our partners can learn something about Spain and discover the diversity and beauty of our country.

Spain is a country in southwestern Europe, located on the Iberian Peninsula next to Portugal and close to France. Spain has a very varied culture. People in Spain are friendly and like spending time with family and friends. Food is very important, with dishes like paella, tapas, and tortilla española. Flamenco is the most famous music and dance, especially in Andalusia. Spain also has beautiful buildings, like the Alhambra in Granada and the Sagrada Familia in Barcelona. The country has had important artists such as Picasso and Dalí. There are also very important festivals, like Las Fallas, San Fermín, and Semana Santa. La Tomatina, a big tomato fight, is also very popular. Thank you for reading. I hope you enjoyed learning about Spain.

Spain is in southwestern Europe, on the Iberian Peninsula, next to France, Portugal and Andorra. It is considered the heart of the world, because it is situated in the centre. In addition, Spain connects Europe with Africa through the Strait of Gibraltar. Its capital city is Madrid, which is also the biggest and most populated city in the country, with around 7 million people in the region.

The main language is Spanish, one of the most spoken languages in the world, but some regions also speak other official languages like Catalan, Galician, or Basque.

Spain has around 49 million inhabitants of different cultures and religions(Muslims, Christians, Jews between others)

The Spanish flag has three stripes: red at the top, yellow in the middle, and red at the bottom, with the yellow stripe being wider.

Spain is known for its warm weather, especially in summer, great beaches like Playa de la Concha (San Sebastián) and Playa de Ses Illetes (Formentera), its amazing history and its many different cultures.

Spain is a country in southwestern Europe, located on the Iberian Peninsula. Its main boundaries are France, Portugal, Andorra and Africa. Its capital city is Madrid, it is in the centre of Spain. The Spanidh flag has three horizontal stripes (red, yellow, and red) with the yellow one in the middle being the biggest. The main language spoken is Spanish, Spanish is the second most spoken language in the world and the country has a population of about 48 million people, making it one of the most populated countries in Europe.

Spain is a country many festivities and holidays, both national and local. National celebrations such as Día de la Constitución and Hispanic day bring people together to reflect on the nation’s history and identity. Across the country, local celebrations make original each part of Spain. For example, Las Fallas in Valencia or La Feria de Abril in Seville, where music, dancing, and traditional clothing fill the streets. Spain is also famous for its traditional festivals, for instance the Running of the Bulls during San Fermín in Pamplona. In addition, important days like Semana Santa hold great cultural and religious meaning for many families. These festivities create an amazing atmosphere that shows Spain’s diverse traditions

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Spain is a country many festivities and holidays, both national and local. National celebrations such as Día de la Constitución and Hispanic day bring people together to reflect on the nation’s history and identity. Across the country, local celebrations make original each part of Spain. For example, Las Fallas in Valencia or La Feria de Abril in Seville, where music, dancing, and traditional clothing fill the streets. Spain is also famous for its traditional festivals, for instance the Running of the Bulls during San Fermín in Pamplona. In addition, important days like Semana Santa hold great cultural and religious meaning for many families. These festivities create an amazing atmosphere that shows Spain’s diverse traditions

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GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT ITALY

LOCATION:

Italy is a country located in Southern and Western Europe, primarily consisting of a peninsula extending into the Mediterranean Sea and nearly 800 islands, notably Sicily and Sardinia.

It shares land borders to the north and east with France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia, and contains the two landlocked enclaves of Vatican City and San Marino.

Italy is the tenth-largest country in Europe by area. Its capital and largest city is Rome, with other significant cities including Milan, Naples, Turin, Palermo, Bologna, Florence, Genoa, and Venice.

CAPITAL:

The capital of Italy is Rome.

Is the most populated comune (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome.

Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of the Tiber Valley.

FLAG:

The Flag: The Italian flag is called the Tricolore. It is a vertical tricolour of three equally sized stripes: green, white, and red.

Green: Represents hope, the country's plains, and the hills.

White: Represents faith and the snow-capped Alps.

Red: Represents charity and the blood shed during the wars of Italian independence.

LANGUAGE:

The official language is Italian.

POPULATION:

Italy has a population of approximately 6

0 million people.

Italy’s year is marked by national holidays such as New Year’s Day, the Epiphany, Easter, Liberation Day (25 April), Republic Day (2 June), and Ferragosto on 15 August. The end of the year includes All Saints’ Day (1 November), the Immaculate Conception (8 December), and Christmas.

Traditional events play a major role: Carnevale, with masks, parades and typical food as Chiacchere; the Sanremo Music Festival in Sanremo, the Palio di Siena, San Gennaro in Naples, and Perugia’s Eurochocolate. Cities also celebrate their own patron saints, like Rome on 29 June and Milan on 7 December.

Other important days include Women’s Day on 8 March and All Souls’ Day on 2 November. These celebrations highlight Italy’s strong local traditions and national identity.

Talking about school we can say that classes usually start early in the morning and finish in early afternoon. Students often have regular homework and a strong focus on oral exams. Schools may run Monday–Friday or Monday–Saturday, depending on the region and the school.

Daily routine includes lessons in subjects like Italian, maths, history, science, and foreign languages. Students usually stay in the same classroom, while teachers move between rooms.

Holidays include a long summer break from June to September, plus time off for Christmas, Easter, and national holidays such as Liberation Day (25 April) and Republic Day (2 June).

Student traditions involve school trips, sports days, Christmas activities, and celebrating Carnival with costumes or small class events. Older students often decorate classrooms or plan farewell moments at the end of the year.

National exams include the Esame di Terza Media at the end of middle school and the Maturità, the important final exam that concludes high school.

As an Italian teacher introduced Italy, we'll introduce the Italian region where we live

Sicily (Sicilia in Italian) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, located in southern Italy between the Tyrrhenian and Mediterranean waters, with an area of about 25,832 km² and a population of roughly 4.8 million people. Its capital city is Palermo, a vibrant cultural and economic hub known for its Norman architecture and historic markets. The official language is Italian, though Sicilian and other local dialects are widely spoken, reflecting the island’s diverse heritage influenced by Greeks, Arabs, Normans, and Spanish. The regional flag is diagonally divided into red and yellow fields, representing Palermo and Corleone, and features the ancient Trinacria symbol—a Medusa head with three bent legs—symbolizing the triangular shape of the island. Sicily is renowned for Mount Etna, Europe’s largest active volcano, and for its rich history as a crossroads of civilizations, blending ancient traditions with modern Italian life.

Let's continue with info about Sicily

Sicily is renowned for its vibrant festivities, holidays, and celebrations that reflect its rich cultural heritage and diverse history. Throughout the year, towns and villages host colorful religious festivals, such as the Feast of Saint Agatha in Catania, where processions, fireworks, and traditional sweets honor the city’s patron saint, and the Holy Week celebrations in Enna and Trapani, famous for their solemn processions with ancient statues. Carnival is another highlight, with Acireale’s Carnival standing out for its elaborate floats and flower parades. Summer brings lively events like the Taormina Film Festival and numerous village sagre (food festivals) celebrating local specialties.

Here are some important Spanish festivities

• New Year’s Day – January 1

• Epiphany / Three Kings’ Day – January 6

• Carnival – February/March (dates vary)

• Holy Week – March/April (dates vary)

• Labor Day – May 1

• Fiesta of San Fermín (Running of the Bulls) – July 6–14

• Assumption of Mary – August 15

• National Day of Spain – October 12

• All Saints’ Day – November 1

• Constitution Day – December 6

• Immaculate Conception – December 8

• Christmas Day – December 25

but what i like the most is San Fermin.

Here is a clear, concise explanation of San Fermín:

San Fermín, held every year from July 6 to July 14 in Pamplona, is one of Spain’s most famous and internationally recognized festivals. The celebration honors Saint Fermín, the co-patron of Navarra, but it is best known for the Running of the Bulls (Encierro).

1. La Tomatina (Buñol, Valencia)

A tomato-throwing festival held every August. Thousands of people join a food fight in the streets.

🇪🇸 2. San Fermín – Running of the Bulls (Pamplona)

Every July, people run in front of bulls through the city. The festival also includes music, parades, and celebrations day and night.

🇪🇸 3. Las Fallas (Valencia)

In March, the city displays large artistic monuments made of wood and paper. At the end, these sculptures are burned in big bonfires.

🇪🇸 4. Semana Santa – Holy Week (Seville & Málaga especially)

A major religious festival before Easter. It features dramatic processions with large floats, music, and traditional costumes.

If there’s one thing Spain knows how to do well, it’s celebrating. Seriously—here, every region, town, and even tiny village has its own special days, and people take their fiestas very seriously. Of course, there are the big national holidays like Christmas, Easter, and Constitution Day, but that’s just the beginning.

Every place has its own local celebrations, and they’re usually full of music, food, and traditions that go back hundreds of years. Think of Valencia’s Las Fallas, where massive sculptures are burned in the streets, or Pamplona’s Running of the Bulls, where the brave (or slightly crazy) run in front of charging bulls. In the south, you’ve got Semana Santa, with its breathtaking processions, and Feria de Abril in Seville, where the whole city turns into a giant party full of flamenco dresses and dancing.

And let’s not forget the smaller yet super charming fiestas—patron saint celebrations, summer festivals, and random local holidays that seem to pop up out of nowhere. Whether it’s fireworks, traditional costumes, or just an excuse to get together and eat amazing food, Spain always finds a way to make every celebration special.

Basically, in Spain, there’s always something going on. If you enjoy lively traditions, colourful events, and a good party vibe, you’ll feel right at home.

Food plays a central role in social life. Meals are times to come together, and each region has its own typical dishes and food traditions.

Italians take great pride in their region and local identity. Each region has its own traditions and dialects.

Italians value their history, art, and traditions. There are many festivals and celebrations reflecting this respect.

Appearance is important. Italians dress stylishly and carefully, even in casual settings.

Most Italians are Catholic, and religious traditions are still important, especially during holidays.

Italians love the "dolce far niente" , enjoying life, taking breaks, and spending time with family and friends.

Paola and Martina.

Italy has also influenced everyday habits. The fork became popular in europe thanks to italians, and many cities have free pubblic water fountains. Inside Rome there is vatican city, the smallest country in the world.

Italian people are known for being warm and expressive. they often use hand gestures when speaking.

Italy has also influenced everyday habits. The fork became popular in europe thanks to italians, and many cities have free pubblic water fountains. Inside Rome there is vatican city, the smallest country in the world.

Italian people are known for being warm and expressive. they often use hand gestures when speaking.

Many Italian surnames come from places, jobs, or personal characteristics, showing the close link between people and history.

Italy has also influenced everyday habits. The fork became popular in europe thanks to italians, and many cities have free pubblic water fountains. Inside Rome there is vatican city, the smallest country in the world.

Italian people are known for being warm and expressive. they often use hand gestures when speaking.

Many Italian surnames come from places, jobs, or personal characteristics, showing the close link between people and history.

Italian carnival costumes are a vibrant celebration of history, artistry, and imagination. Originating from traditions like the Venetian Carnival, these elaborate outfits often feature masks, rich fabrics, and intricate details that embody mystery and elegance. Each costume tells a story, from the timeless Bauta and Colombina to the playful Harlequin and Pulcinella, representing characters from commedia dell’arte. The bright colors, ornate embroidery, and theatrical flair of these costumes transform the streets of Italy into a dazzling display of creativity and tradition.

Here in Spain, we have a lot of festivals, which vary in each autonomous community.

For example:

• Las Fallas (Valencia), celebrated in March.

It combines fireworks, satire, and street parties, in which giant artistic statues are displayed and then burned.

• Semana Santa (Holy Week), celebrated in March.

This are religious processions.

• San Fermín (Pamplona), celebrated in July.

It is know for the "Running of Bulls".

• La Tomatina (Buñol), celebrated in August.

This is massive tomato throwing festival.

• April Fair/Seville Fair (Seville), celebrated in April.

This is a colorful fair with flamenco (typical dance), traditional dresses and parades.

If there's one special day in Fuenlabrada, it's Saint Juana's Day, more commonly known as Tortilla Day.

Traditionally, every March 9th, the people of Fuenlabrada head to the countryside to enjoy a festive day at the Saint Juana pilgrimage, popularly known as Tortilla Day, since the traditional menu consists of potato omelet and "pan de libreta" (a type of bread). The traditional gathering place for the people of Fuenlabrada to celebrate this day is the Valdeserrano area.

History.

To understand the reason for this pilgrimage, we must go back to the 15th century, when the people of Fuenlabrada traveled to the town of Cubas de la Sagra to venerate Juana Vázquez, to whom they attributed miraculous healings. A hermitage was built there in honor of the saint.

Every March 9th, to commemorate the death of the woman known as "Saint Joan," the residents of Fuenlabrada would make a pilgrimage to Cubas, stopping for lunch at Valdeserrano.

Over the years, and by the 19th century, this spot had become a meeting place for families to enjoy the typical dish of that time and still today: the Spanish potato omelet.

Here in Spain we have a lot of festivitities, such as Las Fallas de Valencia or the Holy Week processions. Here are some of the most important ones:

• The Holy Week: in the Holy Week we commemoratethe week of the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Many people go out to the streets and accompany the procession. It is a beautiful tradition! These are really common and extraordinary in Sevilla and Málaga.

• Fallas de Valencia: Las Fallas de Valencia is the most important festival in the city of Valencia (Spain), celebrated annually from March 15 to 19 in honor of Saint Joseph. In 2016, it was declared Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.

• San Juan Festival: The San Juan festivities in 2026 are mainly celebrated between the night of Tuesday, June 23 (the eve or Night of San Juan) and Wednesday, June 24 (Day of San Juan). This festival, of pagan origin linked to the summer solstice.

• San Fermin festival: The Sanfermines are an internationally recognized festival in Pamplona, Spain, held annually from July 6 to 14 in honor of San Fermín.