Increased the power of the national government

Articles of Confederation were too weak (Shays' Rebellion showed this)

The Federalists were those arguing in favor of it

Jefferson and Anti-Federalists argued against it

Madison argued that the Constitution would harness the power of factions (minority groups would balance each other out as they fought for their own interests and made alliances)

Gold v Paper/Silver debates

The rarity of gold in circulation became increasingly rare, which led to a drastic increase in the price of gold. This was good for banks. Farmers on the other hand suffered greatly due to the inflation of gold. They demanded that a new base currency was used such as paper or silver. When this was implemented there was a drastic national change in the markets.

William James Bryan once said that if we continued to rely on a gold based economy then we would press down the crown of labor and crucify mankind on a cross of gold.

-Played a role in presidential election. administration born divided

-Rise of political parties: Hamilton- Federalism/ Jefferson- Republicans

-Concentrated on artisan rights and virtues. 

-Political parties separate politics into smaller groups (Federalists, Republicans)

Sectionalism: Calhoun, Clay, & Webster

Jackson's win over Adams created coalition of North, South, and West democ first to do it

Conflict between interests:

-Calhoun: Southern Economic interests

-Clay: American System

-Webster: Northern Economic interests

Started when South Carolina established tariffs of 1828 and 1832

Was solved by doing a compromise with all sections' social interests.

*Calhoun threatened Southern secession and became the most serious threat to national unity

Resulted by making Jackson a stronger executive.

-1st Anti-Federalist President (peaceful transition from one party to another)

-Republican Agrarianism: Jefferson envisioned nation of farm families. (Yeoman farmers)

-Louisiana Purchase: Napoleon Bonaparte wanted to "cash out" on America. Jefferson jumped at the opportunity.

-Jefferson Indian policy: Jefferson worried for fate of western Indian people. He wanted to help Indians but could not due to westward expansion.

-Embargo Act: Prohibited any American ships from leaving foreign ports carrying foreign goods. (American merchants could not trade with England or France).

The era of good feelings was associated with James Monroe's presidency

DIsappearance of federalist enabled Republicans to govern in a spirit of nonpartisan harmony .

Leaders and their people wanted: 

- fed gov (power to their states)

- separate identities emerged (redcoats vs colonials) (Townsend Act - colonials worked together to circulate news)

- republicanism

-didn't want to get involved in Brit's fights

- battles

-Britain restrictive 

colonials wanted to expand market 

Taxes w representation (Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Declaratory Act, Townshend Revenue Acts, Coercive/Intolerable Acts)

Revolution: Provided jobs for women outside home. No voting no property rights

After rev. increase of women on literary front along with the first appearance feminist writing.

Women in the south:Plantation mistress held responsibility but no authority 

Slaves: Gender equality because of equal oppression

Industry: Women began factory work, Paid poorly barred from many occupations due to social norms. Beginning of gender wage gap.

Reform movements gave women a voice

-Ex: Women played large part in spreading public education.

-Ex: Promoted temperance

War for independence from the Europeans.

Wars between Native Americans and the Colonists (French and Indian War).

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists (Federalist paper 10)

Mexican-American war (Manifest Destiny)

Rebellions toward the government and the trade networks and the Stamp Act

Fight for freedom on the part of the African Americans

Civil war

Spanish control over smaller countries, lead the U.S. to obtain territories.

Colonist - King Philip's War(1675-1676)

Jamestown

American revolution was an unimaginative disaster At the start of the war Patriots worked hard to try and ensure Indian neutrality for Indians.

Washington's attack on traditional Indian customs,languages, and political structures expanded in the late 19th century to include tribal sovereignty.

Early 1800s - Policy of assimilation

Americans wanted indians to adopt European-American Culture.

Reservations- Killing of Indians or Sent to reservations To live their lives.

France - After the 7 years war France lost all of its territory in North America

American Indians- The Ohio Indians (the ones that sided with France) lost their land when France ceded the land they lived on to Britain. The Iroquois had their diplomatic position greatly undermined by the overwhelming victory of Britain.

Britain - Got away without many losses. They continued to "purchase" land from the Indians.

The north jumped fully into the American system and industry, while the south stuck with cotton.

this caused more sectionalism and gave the north an advantage over the south in the civil war.

-Colony under British rule

-Political autonomy independent nation from Britain. (Articles of Confederation).

-Constitution/Bill of Rights created.

-First 2 party system. (Federalist & Anti-Federalist).

-Jeffersonian Era: Republican Agrarianism.

-Jacksonian Era growth of democracy.

-Political crisis over slavery (Republican Party).

-Southern secession led to Civil War. Separate governments (Union & Confederacy).

-Reconstruction: US reunited, South divided by martial law, Radical Republicanism.

-Imperialism: America expands, "The White man's Burden" leads them to expand to foreign territory.

- Lincoln-Douglas Debates

S: Rekindled the slavery discussion

P: Helped establish the Republicans' claim to be the only party capable of stopping the spread of slavery

- Uncle Tom

S: Ruined reputation of Slave Masters (abolitionist cause)

P: Promoted for Fugitive Slave Act as runaways became more frequent

- John Brown's Raid

S: Insurrection

P: Republicans vs Democrats

*Republicans sought to dispel their abolitionist image

- Dred Scott Decision

S: Gave slaves a larger sense of freedom

P: Slaves could not be U.S. citizens therefore congress had no jurisdiction over slavery in the territories

Political- Indian removal was something that Jackson urged on. The Trail of Tears was an effect that occurred after the passing of the Indian Removal act. Even though the state government had found it wrong to do this, Jackson continued without hesitation. This opened up a ton of land for the US citizens.

Social- Lincoln-Douglas debates were devoted to the issue of slavery and the future of the union. The debates were in Illinois. Lincoln firmly believed that slavery was morally wrong, despite his disbelief of social equality of all races. Douglas was saying that he would not blot out the inalienable rights of white men for all the blacks that ever existed. slavery meant that there would be less cities and more plantations.

Economic- "Bank war" it was a conflict between Jackson and the 2nd National bank (established during Madison's presidency). Jackson withdrew all federal funds from the bank. without funds city growth would stall for an indefinite period of time.

Discoveries of Galileo, Copernicus, Rene, and Isaac Newton led to Enlightenment thinkers

This led to more interest in education throughout the British colonies (especially colleges)

-shown in growing literacy rates

-education allowed for people to begin questioning authority.

-hardships of colonial life led to revival of religion in the colonies and along with higher literacy rates, people had more access to the bible.

The Americans believed that the expansion of white Americans across the continent was ordained by God. This idea is called manifest destiny. Mexico was in the way of that American dream because they owned New Mexico and California. The idea of raiding Mexico was Polk's. The U.S. also needed a port in the west so they could trade easier.

Enlightenment: Intellectual movement stressing the importance of reason and the existence of discoverable natural laws.

The US reflected these Enlightenment ideals in the creation of the constitution through the different plans given.

The theories of government that James Madison outlined in Federalist paper 10 were that majorities were dangerous and harmful to the nation, instead there should be a continuous cycle of alliances with many minorities. this thinking goes against the party system.

-Andrew Jackson was first President from the Democratic Party (Won due to popular vote and democratic feeling).

-Started "Age of the Common Man"

-Jackson was the first "strong executive"

-Nullification Crisis due to conflict with sectional leaders (John C. Calhoun [South], Daniel Webster [North], Henry Clay [West])

Irish:

Potato Famine led to immigration into the US

They tended to come in families and in search for new methods of living.

Germans:

They came because of another famine. They were at lack of jobs.

Many of the Germans were experienced and well educated.

Many were Doctors, Lawyers, or any other type of highly skilled trait.

They tended to have more opportunities here than the Irish or Chinese in the late 1800s.

Chinese:

They had the largest number of immigrant rates within their first decade.

All:

In total the number of immigrants that arrived to the US was more than all of the american population. It definitely more that doubled the entire population of the US.

The American people were being threatened by the large increase of population in such rapid rates.

African American religion was a way that helped slaves through there rough times

Slave revolts also helped the mvoement towards salve

compromise made during constituional convention in 1808 (cha p8

South-3/4 supply of nations cotton

Funded few international improvements

Stayed in colonial trade in relation to Britan

Big farms Large Plantation( Lowell mills

Midwest-

Economy

Manufactoring

South-

-The morality of slavery was questioned after the american revolution because the same things the colonist were fighting for were denied to slaves.