It is absorbed in the body primarily in its cupric (Cu²⁺) and cuprous (Cu⁺) oxidation states.

It is often found bound to proteins like ceruloplasmin (an enzyme with copper) and copper-metallothionein in tissues.

Iron metabolism (such as in ferroxidase enzymes).

Antioxidant defense (such as in superoxide dismutase, which helps protect cells from oxidative stress).

Collagen synthesis (important for skin, blood vessels, and bone formation).

Energy production (by aiding in the mitochondrial respiratory chain for ATP synthesis).

Anemia (due to impaired iron metabolism).

Fatigue and weakness.

Neurodevelopmental issues (including ataxia and neuropathy).

Osteoporosis (due to impaired collagen formation).

Hypopigmentation (pale skin and hair) due to insufficient melanin synthesis.

Cardiovascular abnormalities like heart problems, as copper plays a role in maintaining blood vessels.

Copper toxicity is rare but can occur in cases of over-supplementation or impaired copper metabolism (e.g., in Wilson’s disease, a genetic disorder leading to copper buildup).

Symptoms of toxicity include:

• Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

• Liver damage (especially in Wilson’s disease).

• Kidney damage.
  

Absorption: Copper is absorbed in the small intestine and is dependent on dietary factors such as zinc and iron levels. High zinc intake, can interfere with copper absorption

copper is a natural antibacterial agent. When bacteria, fungi or viruses land on a copper surface, electrically charged ion particles inflict damage on a microbe’s cell membrane or its viral coat, which destroys the RNA or DNA inside an organism. This reaction prevents harmful microbe from mutating or developing a resistance against the antimicrobial properties of copper.