I'd like to improve my research critical thinking skill. I think those are 2 main inner essential point to prepare better output

I want to improve my collaboration and research skills to be more effective and thorough.

Hello, my name is Ravi Barra Satria and I'd like to improve my communication and self management skills

In my opinion, critical thinking and problem solving are important skills to have in order to understand the world around us and also enable us to solve a lot of issues

independent variable: resistance

dependent variable: length/thickness

Controlled variable: surface area, resistivity, the electric source, materials of wire and other equipment used.

rough sketch of the procedure

1. measure the thickness of the glass

2. calculate the resistance based on the formula

3. arrange the set up consist of power source, wire, glass panel standing up, and ohm meter

4. read the measurement

5. take data

6. plot a graph of how the thickness affect the resistance and determine the percentage of error

safety precaution: you must beware of getting electrocuted. make sure your hands are dry before doing the experiment to prevent electrocution. be careful while setting up the glass to prevent it from breaking.

group member: Hanin Khairunnisa, Nabil Lintang Favian, Jeremiah Prabu, Jalaarka, Matthew Steffano

Variables:

• Independent Variable:
  Thickness of the glass sheet (l)

• Dependent Variable:
  Measured resistance (R)

• Controlled Variables:

  • Surface area of the glass (length × width)

  • Temperature during the experiment

  • Material type (same kind of glass)

  • Type and size of electrodes

  • Pressure applied by the electrodes on the glass

Procedure:

1. Prepare several glass sheets with identical length and width, but different thicknesses.

2. Attach two metal electrodes (e.g., copper plates) to the opposite faces of the glass.

3. Connect the electrodes to a multimeter using crocodile clips to measure the resistance (R).

4. Use a micrometer or ruler to measure the thickness (l) of each glass sheet and record the surface area (A).

5. Measure the resistance for each glass sheet.

6. Calculate the resistivity using the formula: P= Ra/l

   
   

   Testing Method:

   • Ensure all glass sheets are tested with the same pressure on the electrodes.

   • Record the resistance and thickness for each sample and analyze the data.

   
   

   Safety Precautions

   1. Handle the glass sheets carefully to avoid cuts or breakage.

   2. Wear protective gloves while working with glass.

   3. Ensure all wires are properly insulated to prevent short circuits or electric shock.

   4. Do not touch exposed metal contacts while the power is on.

   5. Turn off the power supply before changing the glass sheets.

   6. Use low voltage to avoid overheating and ensure safety.

Conclusion:

The results showed that the thicker the glass sheet, the higher its resistance. This supports the theory that resistance increases with length (in this case, thickness), as described by the formula.

Since the surface area remained constant, increasing the thickness increased the resistance.
However, the resistivity (ρ) remained consistent across all samples, because resistivity is a material property that does not depend on size or shape.

Independent Variable: Thickness of the glass sheet (L)
Dependent Variable: Measured electrical resistance (R)
Control Variables: Area of contact (A), Type of glass (same material → same ρ), Temperature of the environment (as resistance is temperature-sensitive)

Experimental Method:

1. Clean the surface of each glass sheet to remove moisture/dirt.

2. Attach electrodes to opposite faces of the glass (using conductive paste or pressure contacts).

3. Measure the thickness of each sheet using a caliper (in meters).

4. Use the multimeter or electrometer to measure the resistance across each sheet.

5. Record the resistance and thickness.

6. Repeat the experiment at least 2–3 times per sheet to get average values.

7. Plot a graph of Resistance (R) vs Thickness (L).

Simple Safety Precautions

1. Handle glass carefully — It can break easily and cause cuts.

2. Wear safety goggles — To protect your eyes from broken glass.

3. Use low voltage only — Don’t use high voltage when measuring resistance.

4. Keep the glass dry — Water can affect the results and cause short circuits.

5. Work on a non-metal table — To avoid unwanted electric paths.

6. Wash hands after using conductive paste — Some materials can irritate your skin.

Clean up broken glass properly — Tell your teacher if anything breaks.

members : fadel adi rasya, Agnes Paramitha N, Avicenna Miftahurrizqi Purnomo, aziza amru nisa, AN Wynstelle Geulis Fathina

Variables :
independent Variable: Thickness of the glass sheets (l)
Dependent Variable: Resistance (R)
Controlled Variables: Cross-sectional area (A), Type of glass, Ambient temperature, Glass surface conditions, Measurement method.

Procedure :
1.Prepare Glass Samples

a. Cut glass samples of the same area but different thicknesses (eg 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, etc.).

b. Clean the surfaces thoroughly to remove contaminants.

2. Apply Electrodes

a. Coat opposite faces of the glass with conductive material (silver paste is common).

b. Ensure consistent area coverage and contact.

3. Connect to Measurement Circuit

a. Connect the electrodes to a high-input impedance voltmeter or an electrometer.

b. Apply a small known voltage (e.g., 10 V) across the electrodes.

4. Measure Current

a. Measure the current flowing through the glass.

b. Use Ohm’s Law

5. Repeat for Different Thicknesses

a. Keep electrode area constant.

b. Measure resistance for each sample of varying thickness.

Simple Safety Precautions:
 1. Check Your Gear: Always inspect your wires and equipment. Don't use anything that looks damaged.
 2. Stay Dry: Make sure your work area, hands, and feet are completely dry. Water conducts electricity.
 3. Wear Protection: Use electrical gloves and safety glasses.
 4. Don't Work Alone: It's good to have someone else nearby in case of an emergency.
 5. Turn Off Power First: Always switch off equipment before connecting or disconnecting wires.
 6. Keep It Tidy: Don't clutter your workspaces it can cause accidents.
 7. Know Your Equipment: Understand how to quickly shut off all equipment if there's a problem.
 8. Know Emergency Contacts: Know where the emergency shut-off is and how to call for help.

Group members: Arfa Raihan Putera Prasetyo, Muhammad Deceza Khoirul Anam, Muhammad Fauzan Ferdiansyah, Rasyid Shalahuddin, Naira Rifaya Nur

independent: Thickness (L) of the glass sheet

dependent: Measured resistance (R)

controlled: Surface area (A), temperature, electrode placement

2. Measurement to be taken

Thickness (L) of the each glass sheet

Surface area (A) of each glass sheets face (length x width)

3.Safety Precautions

wearing gloves,use insulted gloves if neccessary

handle glass carefully to avoid cuts

keep the setup dry to prevent leakage currents

ensure the measurement equipment is properly grounded

RQ

how does the thickness of a glass sheet with resistivity (ρ) 10^10 Ωm effect its measured electrical resistance, and how can this relationship be used to determine the resistivity of glass?

Procedure

1.measure glass size
2.measure glass thickness
3.measure resistance
4.analysis data

1. Variables: 

   • Independent variable: thickness of the glass sheets (I)

   • Dependant variable: measured electrical resistance (R)

   • Controlled variable: Surface area of the glass sheets (A), material type, temperature during the experiment, and the measurement instrument 

2. Procedure:

   • Collect several glass sheets of the same surface area but different thicknesses.

   • Measure and record the thickness of each glass sheet.

   • Attach electrodes to the opposite faces of each glass sheet.

   • Use an ohmmeter to measure the electrical resistance of each sheet.

   • Record the resistance values for each thickness.

   • Compare the resistance values to see how thickness affects resistance. 

3. Safety Precaution: Handle the glass sheets carefully to avoid cuts or breakage, and wear protective gloves and safety glasses during the experiment

Group Members: Violan, Nayla, Cresnayadin, Yumna, Marsha

Variabel's :

• Independent : Glass Thickness

• Dependent : Resistance

• Controlled : Area, glass type, temperature, voltage

  
  

  Procedure :

  1. Prepare the glass samples

     (Same surface area, different thickness), and mark the diffferent thickness

  2. Attach electrodes to opposite sides

  3. Connect the electrodes to a multimeter

  4. Apply a controlled amount of known voltage

  5. Measure the resistance with the multimeter

  6. Repeat the process with the other sheets of glass and record the resistance, clearly mark the different thickness

  7. Calculate the resistance using the formula: P=Ra/I

• Safety Precautions

  1. Handle the glass with care

  2. Do the experiment inside a laboratory

  3. Wear protective glass and gloves

  4. Make sure the wires all safely connected and the equipment's are in good condition

  5. Make sure the work area is dry

  6. DO NOT TOUCH THE ELECTRODE

  7. Prepare a fire extinguisher and first aid in advance

  
  

• Group members :

  1. Edward Amarullah Muhammad

  2. Jollie Theresia

  3. Kenzie Bramantya Lazuardi

  4. Tanaya Sabriya

  5. Tobias Edric Bonatus Wisantyo

     
     

"How does the thickness of a glass sheet affect its electrical resistance when the surface area and material remain constant?"

☆ Variables ☆

• Independent → Thickness of glass sheet (L)

• Dependent → Electrical resistance (R)

• Control → Resistivity of glass, size and shape; surface area (A) of glass, and applied voltage for each circuit.

☆ Procedure ☆

1. Measure the thickness of the glass using a caliper.

2. Measure the surface area of one face of the glass.

3. Assemble circuit.

4. Apply Voltage by turn on the power supply.

5. Record the voltage and current by using a voltmeter and an electrometer.

6. Calculate the resistance using the resistance formula (R = ρL/A).

7. Repeat the steps on different glasses with different thickness to get different results.

☆ Safety Precautions ☆

1. When measuring the thickness of the glass with a caliper: Handle the glass carefully to avoid cuts or breakage. Place the glass on a flat, stable surface while measuring to prevent it from slipping.

2. When measuring the surface area of the glass: Use the ruler gently and avoid applying too much pressure. Make sure the glass is dry to prevent it from sliding or falling.

3. Wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.

☆ Conclusion ☆

The electrical resistance of a glass sheet is directly proportional to its thickness, assuming the material and surface area remain constant. This means that as the thickness of the glass increases, its electrical resistance will also increase. Conversely, a thinner glass sheet will exhibit lower electrical resistance.

☆ Group Members ☆

• Myiesha Shafira

• ⁠⁠Aliya Zahra Tri K.

• Akhtarelgusya Al Dian

• Fathan Adam Abdurrahman

• Ravindra Khalid Diandro

RQ: “How does different thickness of a sheet of glass effects it’s resistance?”

Variables:
Independent:

• Thickness of the glass

Dependent:

• Electrical resistance

Controlled:

• Surface area of the glass

• Voltage used

• Type of glass

• Type of electrode material

Procedure:

1. Prepare the glass samples with different thickness

2. Measure and note the dimensions of each glass sheets.

3. Attach electrodes to the opposite side of each glass sheet.

4. Measure the electrical resistance by using an ohmmeter to each glass sheet.

5. Record and note the value for each thickness.

6. Compare the resistance value to see the effect of the different thickness.

Safety Precaution:

1. Handle all items with care.

2. Do the experiment inside a laboratory.

3. Wear protective gloves.

4. Don’t touch the electrode if it’s already applied a voltage to it.

5. Use the appropriate conditions for the experiment (dry, not wet)

How does the thickness of glass sheet affect its electrical resistance, given that resistivity of the glass is 10^10 ohm meter?

II.Variables

independent: thickness (L) of the glass sheet

dependent: measured resistance (R)

controlled: surface area (A), room's temperature during experiment, glass material type (distinct materials will affect the density).

III. Safety precaution :

1. Handle glass sheets carefully to avoid breakage and cuts

2. Wear gloves

3. Make sure electrical connections are secure to prevent short circuits or electric shock

4. Use low voltage during measurement for safety

5. Store glass properly after use

IV. Procedure :

1 Gather different glass sheets which has same flat surface size but vary in the thickness

2. Attach electronodes

3. Measure electrical resistance

4. Measure thickness

5. Calculate glass surface area

6. Find the resistivity

Group Members :

- Efrain

- Ignatia

- Sharla

- Vanessa

- Yohana

* How can the thickness of each glass effect the electrical resistance?

* Why is glass a good material for testing high resistivity in this experiment?

Variables:

- Independent Variable: The thickness of the glass

- Dependant Variable: The electrical resistance

- Controlled Variables:

1. The area of section A

2. Material (type of glass)

3. Temperatures

Procedure:

1. Prepare glass sheets with the same area but different thicknesses.

2. Measure and record their thickness and surface area.

3. Apply conductive paste and attach electrodes to flat surfaces.

4. Connect to a DC power supply and a sensitive ammeter.

5. Apply low voltage and measure the current.

6. Calculate the resistance:

R= V/I

7. Calculate the resistivity:

P = RA/l

8. Compare the results to expected value:

p = 10¹⁰Ωm

Safety Precaution:

Regular laboratory attire such as rubber gloves, lab coat, goggles, and tie your hair backwards if its long.

Keep the workspace clean.

Handle glasswear carefully.

Be attentive.

Repeat the experiment to ensure answer.

Clean up after experiment.

Group members:

Petra Budi Ainunnisa

Shafira Aurelia

Lintang Pradipta Hadiwijoyo

Callysta Jeconia Purba

Zefanya Reyna Utomo

How does the thickness of a glass sheet affect its electrical resistance, and how accurately does the relationship between resistance, thickness, and resistivity follow the theoretical equation when the area (A) and the environment around the experiment is kept constant?

Variables

• Independent Variable: Thickness of the glass sheet (L)

• Dependent Variable: Measured electrical resistance (R)

• Controlled Variables:

  1. Cross Sectional Area (A) of each glass sheet.

  2. Material of the glass.

  3. Temperature of the environment.

  4. Electrode placement and material

  5. Measuring equipment .

  6. Humidity and cleanliness of glass surface .

Procedures

1. Prepare the samples:

• Clean the glass sheets with varying thickness.

• Apply conductive electrodes (For example metal contacts or conductive paint) on opposite faces of each glass sheet (the large faces, not the edges).

  
  

2. Measure the dimensions:

• Use a ruler or caliper to measure the thickness (L) of each glass sheet.

• Measure or calculate the surface area (A) of the face where electrodes are applied (e.g., length × width).

  
  

3. Measure resistance (R):

• Connect the electrodes to a high-resistance ohmmeter.

• Record the resistance reading for each glass sheet.

  
  

4. Repeat for all sheets:

• Repeat the above steps for glass sheets of different thicknesses and measure while doing so.

Safety Precautions!

1. Wear safety gloves and goggles to protect you from breakage. Also wear insulating tools to avoid electric shock

2. Handle the glass sheets carefully

3. Always use a low current

4. Avoid touching the electrodes or the glass when the circuit is live

5. Always remember to switch off the power supply

6. Ensure the setup is placed on a non-conductive surface

7. Make sure to use equipment that is in good condition and safe to use.

8. Dry all the equipment, environment, and your hand before conducting the experiment.

Breakout Room 10 Members:

• Ahmad Dzaky Ardhani

• Alexander Faathir

• Benita Joanna Natama Limbong

• Ketut Andra Nugraha Utama

• Rayhan Abdurrahman

to investigate how the thickness of glass affects its electrical resistivity.

Variable

1. How to Measure Resistivity of Glass

we’ll need sheets of glass with the same width & length, electrodes like conductive silver, copper paint, or metal plates, power supply (DC source, like a low-voltage power supply), voltmeter & ammeter, micrometer or caliper to measure thickness, insulated gloves for safety, clamp to keep contacts stable

2. Attach Electrodes:

Paint or clamp electrodes on opposite flat faces of the glass (not edges) & ensure good contact with no air gaps.

3. Apply Voltage

Connect the electrodes to a DC power supply, use a low voltage to minimize risk and avoid dielectric breakdown.

4. Measure Current:

Use an ammeter in series to measure the current through the glass.

5. Measure Voltage:

Use a voltmeter (or multimeter) in parallel to measure the voltage across the glass.

Procedure

Calculate Resistivity

ρ = R.A/L

​

Where:

R = V.I

is resistance (from Ohm’s Law)

A = the area of electrode contact (width × length)

L = the thickness of the glass (distance between electrodes)

ρ = resistivity in ohm-meters (Ω·m)

Repeat for Each Thickness:

Record readings for various thicknesses.

Analyze how

ρ changes (or doesn’t) with L

Safety Precautions

- Use low-voltage DC (< 50 V)

- Avoid wet environments

- Use insulated gloves and dry hands when handling connections.

- Double-check connections before powering the circuit.

- ⁠Use gloves when handling glass

group members:

• Kalisha Resendria Camaidza

• Yakop Fransiskus Hutapea

• Litany Dahliani L. Damanik

• Indobona Firman

• Talitha Nesya Humaira

How can an experiment be designed and executed to accurately measure the resistivity of glass using glass sheets of uniform surface dimensions but varying thicknesses?

Variables :

1. Independent: thickness of the glass sheet

2. Dependent: measured resistance

3. Controlled:

• Surface area

• Room's temperature during experiment

• Glass material type (distinct materials will affect the density).

Procedure :

1. Get several glass sheets that are all the same surface area (length and width), but have different thicknesses.

2. Stick metal plates (like copper) to both flat sides of the glass.

3. Connect the metal plates to a multimeter using clips to measure resistance (R).

4. Use a ruler or caliper to measure the thickness (l) of each glass sheet, and write down the surface area (A).

5. Measure the resistance of each glass sheet using the multimeter.

6. Use the formula ρ = RA/l to calculate the resistivity.

7. Make sure to double-check resistance with a multimeter or electrometer for accuracy.

8. Record all the thickness and resistance values in a data table.

9. Repeat the experiment 2 or 3 times for each sheet and calculate the average result.

10. Draw a graph showing how resistance (R) changes depending on thickness (l).

Safety Precaution :

1. Always handle the glass sheets gently because it can break and cause injury.

2. Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes in case any glass breaks.

3. Use only a low voltage when doing the experiment to prevent electric shock.

4. Make sure all wires and connections are secure and not damaged before starting.

5. Avoid touching the metal plates or wires while the power is on.

6. Perform the experiment on a clean and flat surface.

7. Keep liquids like water away from the experiment setup to avoid short circuits.

Group members :

- Kenneth Arkananta

- Putu Gery Dharma Ramanda Prasetya

- Diajeng Fahrunizza

- Muhammad Kenjiro Walipakcy Azhar

- Sorta Maharani Tambunan

Independent variable:

• Thickness of the glass sheet ( l )

Dependent variable:

• Electrical resistance of the glass sheet ( R )

Controlled variables:

• Cross-sectional area of the glass ( A )

• Material type (same glass)

• Temperature (as it affects resistance)

⸻

❓ 2. Best Research Question

How does the thickness of a glass sheet affect its electrical resistance, and how can this relationship be used to determine the resistivity of glass?

Or more concisely:

How does varying the thickness of glass affect its resistance?

⸻

⚗️ 3. Procedure (Step-by-step)

You will need:

• Glass sheets of the same area but different thicknesses

• Electrodes (e.g., conductive paste or metal contacts)

• Multimeter or ohmmeter

• Micrometer or caliper (to measure thickness precisely)

• Ruler (to measure area)

• Insulating gloves (optional)

Steps:

1. Measure the area (A) of one face of a sheet of glass using a ruler.

2. Measure the thickness (l) of each glass sheet using a caliper.

3. Attach electrodes securely to opposite flat surfaces of the glass (on the large area sides, not the edges) to create a uniform current path.

4. Connect the multimeter across the electrodes and measure the resistance (R) of each sheet.

5. Repeat for different thicknesses while ensuring the same contact method and conditions.

6. Plot R vs l and use the formula:

\rho = R \cdot \frac{A}{l}

to calculate resistivity for each sample and then take the average.

⸻

⚠️ 4. Safety Precautions

• Handle glass carefully to avoid cuts. Always wear gloves if possible.

• Ensure no high voltage is used; glass is an insulator and can build static charge.

• Keep electrodes clean to ensure proper contact and prevent heating.

• Avoid wet or humid environments as moisture can alter measurements or increase conductivity.

• Dispose of broken glass properly in designated sharps bins.

Group Members :

1. Almer Taufiqurrahman P.D.

2. Alzena Azalia H.

3. Bimo Giri P.

4. Diandramadhani Gaia I.

5. ⁠Zlatan Ezra A.G.

How does the thickness of glass panels of constant surface area affect the electrical resistance?

Variables:

Independent : thickness of the glass sheet (m).

Dependent : Electrical resistance (Ω) measured across the glass.

Controlled : Surface area (A), glass material, temperature, voltage applied.

Procedure:

1. Find the resistivity.

2. Find each of the glass thickness.

3. Find the electrical resistence of each of the sheets of glass using the resistivity formula.

4. Compare the resistence of both of the sheets of glass.

Safety precaution :

- Becareful when holding the glass sheets to prevent it from breaking

- Keep the experimental area clean and dry to avoid electrocution

- Uses low voltage. Even the multimeter uses low voltage, always ensure it is set to the correct range and connected properly before turning it on.

Our members:

• Rafat Ali Al'Aththar

• Feliciano Satryo Langit A

• Athaya Fawnia

• Nabil Rayhan Nuroktafi

• Joshua Julius Situmorang