https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa SST en-us 2020-06-24 19:03:53 UTC 2020-06-25 12:12:54 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/23f3.png anigrahith https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639145996 Grazing tax in India was introduced by the colonial government in the mid-nineteenth century. The pastorals had to pay a heavy tax for each animal they grazed on the pastures. The tax per head increased rapidly and the system of collection was made increasingly efficient and harsh.  ]]> 2020-06-24 19:21:00 UTC https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639145996 anigrahith https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639152825 The Gujjar Bakkarwals migrated to Jammu and Kashmir in search of pastures for their cattle]]> 2020-06-24 19:26:34 UTC https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639152825 anigrahith https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639155554 Gaddi shepherds moved further North from Jammu and Kashmir in order to cope with the needs of their cattle]]> 2020-06-24 19:29:11 UTC https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639155554 anigrahith https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639158505 The right to collect  tax was auctioned to contractors, contractors imposed heavy taxes which were collected very efficiently in order to recover the huge investments they had made.]]> 2020-06-24 19:32:16 UTC https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639158505 anigrahith https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639173813 In the mid nineteenth century, various Forest Acts were enacted in different regions, forests producing commercially valuable timber were declared as  reserved and others were declared as protected. Waste Land Rules were also enacted, turning the grazing lands of pastoral cattle into cultivated lands, thereby decreasing the extent of their pastures.]]> 2020-06-24 19:46:08 UTC https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639173813 anigrahith https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639552718 The British Government of India passed the Criminal Tribes Act, whereby many tribes and groups of artisans, craftsmen and pastorals were declared to be criminal tribes and were forced to live in notified villages under the constant supervision of the village police       ]]> 2020-06-25 04:51:46 UTC https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639552718 anigrahith https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639584537  By the 1880's the government began collecting taxes directly from the pastorals. Each herder was given a pass. To enter a grazing tract, a cattle herder had to show the pass and pay the tax. The number of cattle he had and the amount of tax he paid was entered on the pass.]]> 2020-06-25 05:35:42 UTC https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639584537 anigrahith https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639625519 After 1947, the Raikas, who herded camel and sheep, could no longer graze their camels on the banks of the Indus, because of the formation of new political boundaries between India and Pakistan. They were therefore forced to find new places to graze their herds.]]> 2020-06-25 06:23:30 UTC https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639625519 anigrahith https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639877164 Maasailand was cut in half due to the formation of an international boundary between British Kenya and German Tanganyika. The Maasai lost 60% of its territory to white settlements.]]> 2020-06-25 11:27:10 UTC https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639877164 anigrahith https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639882735 In the mid nineteenth century, Maasai was at it's largest]]> 2020-06-25 11:35:35 UTC https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639882735 anigrahith https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639885954 Tanganyika, which was under the Germans, comes under British control]]> 2020-06-25 11:39:44 UTC https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639885954 anigrahith https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639887186 Tanganyika attains independence from British rule]]> 2020-06-25 11:41:35 UTC https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639887186 anigrahith https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639888530 3 years after its independence, Tanganyika units with Zanzibar to form Tanzania]]> 2020-06-25 11:43:26 UTC https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639888530 anigrahith https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639892556 The Kaokaland herders complain about poverty, starvation, imprisonment and deprivation of rights due to the new territorial boundaries that restricted their movement]]> 2020-06-25 11:48:55 UTC https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639892556 anigrahith https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639894804 Police are given strict orders to keep the native pastoralists away from white settlements. Pastorals are deprived the right to move freely due to the fear of the British that the pastorals were criminals.]]> 2020-06-25 11:52:14 UTC https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639894804 anigrahith https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639899124 Estimates in 1930 showed that the Maasai in Kenya possessed 720,000 cattle, 820,000 sheep and 171,000 donkeys. ]]> 2020-06-25 11:57:35 UTC https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639899124 anigrahith https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639900684 In just two years of drought, the number of Maasai livestock decreased to about 50% of the previous estimates.]]> 2020-06-25 11:59:34 UTC https://padlet.com/anigrahith/sst_pastorals_in_india_africa/wish/639900684