Triple Bottom Line (TBL): The Triple Bottom Line (TBL) is a sustainability framework that measures a company's performance on three fronts: Profit (financial performance), People (social impact), and Planet (environmental impact). Coined by John Elkington in 1994, the TBL suggests that businesses should be evaluated not just on their financial success, but also on their contributions to society and the environment.

Biosphere: The biosphere is the thin, life-supporting layer of Earth that encompasses all living organisms and their interactions with the land, water, and atmosphere (Folke, 2013).

Carrying capacity: Optimum and maximum ability of Earth’s systems to support human life and well-being. 

Inbuilt obsolescence: deliberate design of products to have a limited lifespan, encouraging consumers to replace them more frequently.  

1. Physical obsolescence mechanism 

1. Design for limited repair 

2. Design for limited functional life (“death dating”) or contrived durability 

2. Technological obsolescence mechanism 

1. Design for fashion or style obsolescence 

2. Design for functional enhancement through adding or upgrading product features 

Linear economy: When the end of a product’s lifecycle is achieved, resulting in disposal or waste. 

Circular economy (or “closed loop” economy): when the use of byproducts, recycling, or wastes of disposable products is used as a resource of raw material to produce new products.