Sacristy- also known as a vestry or preparation room, is a room in Christian churches for the keeping of vestments (such as the alb and chasuble) and other church furnishings, sacred vessels, and parish records.

Niche- A niche is a recessed area in a wall that displays decorative objects like statues, vases, or fonts.

Contrapposto- an Italian art term that describes a standing figure with their weight on one leg, creating a natural curve in their body
Linear Perspective
Pediment- a triangular space that forms the gable of a low-pitched roof and that is usually filled with relief sculpture in classical architecture.

Coffers- a sunken panel in a ceiling, vault, or soffit that is square, rectangular, or octagonal in shape.

Pilaster- a rectangular column, especially one projecting from a wall.

Capital- the top part of a column or pillar that serves both structural and decorative purposes.

Barrel Vault- a curved ceiling or roof made up of a series of semicircular arches. The arches are placed one after another to create a tunnel-like shape. 

Sacra Conversazione- A sacred conversation where saints from various time periods surround Mary

Chiaroscuro- is the use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition.
Foreshortening
Sfumato- the technique of allowing tones and colors to shade gradually into one another, producing softened outlines or hazy forms.

Martyrium- a church or shrine built over the tomb of a Christian martyr.

Terribilitá- awesomeness or emotional intensity of conception and execution in an artist or work of art, originally as a quality attributed to Michelangelo by his contemporaries

technical virtuosity
  unbalanced compositions
  complexity
  elegance
  erudite subject matter
  expressiveness
  distortions of proportions
  artifice/exaggeration
  beauty for beauty’s sake

Theme: Reformation

Protestant Reformation

1517- is when Martin Luther started creating his list of problems with the catholic church
Iconoclasm=Destruction of religious images

-they didn't like how the Catholics worshiped images so they destroyed them

-bc of this artist's had to find new subjects to paint and new clients

Anamorphic perspective

Genre scene- Scene from everyday life

-we start to see products of the printing press (invented in Germany abt. 1450)

-The Northerners love very high detail and patterns

Counter-reformation- This is the Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation. (The majority of ppl in Italy & Spain are still Catholic)

-They had a big meeting about the things that the Protestants said and they decided that the art that they were making was good. So they decided to make even MORE art

-the Popecy wanted to make Rome the most beautiful city "for the greater glory of God and the Church"

Tenebrism- A type of chiaroscuro that is very high contrast between light and dark.

Iconoclasm- the destruction of art

-love for drama

-energy and movement

-dynamic balance (diagonals, curves, counter curves, etc.)

-architecture uses classical elements but puts them together in a dynamic way

-instability

-real/not ideal

-interrupted contours

-High contrast

-Emotion

-element of time

-viewer involvement/ close

-naturalism of the High Renaissance

-they go back to the naturalism of the ren but they add more drama

Theme: Return to Reason

-everyone was tired of all the frivolity and they brought classicalism back

-this was a reaction to the frivolity of the French aristocrats

-a guy wrote a dictionary of art that was very popular during this time and this brought back a lot of classicalism.

-people moved from countries to the cities bc of the industrial revolution

The Enlightenment: Focus on Logic and Virtue

2 types of revolutions:

-Industrial Revolution (began in Britain c. 1760)

-Political revolutions (U.S. in 1776, France in 1789)

Time of transitions:

-Rule by aristocracy to democracy

-Agriculture to industry

-Rural life to urban life

Characteristics of Neoclassical Art:
-Planarity
-linearity
-Tight brushwork
-Even lighting
-Sculptural forms
-Classical architecture, figures, dress, and themes
-Serious, moralistic subjects
-Strong hero figures
-Austerity and reduction of form (opposite of fancy)
-Nationalism expressed through patriotism

(1789-1849)

Fascination with…

•Power of nature, the “Sublime”- New thinking about the beauty and power of nature and how nature can also be terrifying and powerful

•Exoticism/Orientalism- They were fascinated with other countries. They would exaggerate or fantasize what their lives were like

•Supernatural elements, fantasy, dreams

•Violence/horrific themes

•Longing for the past- nationalism of longing for your own countries past. They collected folk music and they told old tales and myths. They turned to their own historical architecture. Gothic cathedrals start to come back

•Intense emotion, passion

•Nationalism expressed through a return to one’s personal past (revival of folk stories, folk music, native myths and architecture)

(Less consistent in formal qualities; can have tight or loose brushwork)

-gothic architecture

-Painting is but another word for feeling

-Iconography is very important

-lots of contemporary stories or stories from the current time

Theme: Art of the Everyday

*French poet and critic Charles Baudelaire argued that the arts should reflect the here-and-now

*Emphasis on ordinary, everyday, modern experience; neither idealized nor dramatized

* Championed laborers and common people

Napoleon III- He started the 2nd empire

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
First elected President of France
Last monarch to reign in France
Commissioned grand reconstruction of Paris

-We start to see trade w Japanese prints and art this impacts art

Ukiyo-e: Japanese woodblock prints

-Color theory in becomes very popular at this time

-This is when it is discovered that shadows are color rather then just black

-This is when premixed paint tubes became a thing

-This made it a lot easier to paint outside so we'll start to see this

-It is true to real life and should be telling the truth

-It's more about painting real life rather then making it look realistic

-The building of the Garnier Paris Opera has a big impact on art during this time. Lots of artist painted it or things happening on the inside

-These artists really collaborated together

-They wanted to create an impression of the scene that is actually before you

-They wanted to paint exactly what he saw at that moment

-They were tired of the way of the salons worked so they had their own show

-They had 8 of these shows

-They wanted art to be an escape from the stresses of modern life

-people are starting to be very unique and individual in the way that they make art

-Emphasized world of dreams, moods, fears, and desires over the everyday, contemporary world;
Dissatisfaction with modernity

-It was a literal movement first and then an art movement

-This means that these paintings are made from a wild beast

-distinctive brushwork

 dissatisfaction with industrial modern life; looking to the German past with woodblock prints

-The went but by the bridge because they are a bridge from the past to the future and it comes from a philosopher who talked about this

-they were very aware that they were breaking away from the past and they felt like it was time

-they also used woodblock prints but they made them very dark and raw feeling

-He hand painted each of these cans by hand

-Later he turned to silk screens so that they could be produced faster

-He ate a can of soup every day

-This is like a modern day version of a still life

-He said it's not about the hard edge it's about the shapes

-He used acrylic paint so it was easier to make straight lines

-This is an ancient symbol that has shown up for a long time

-you are invited to be apart of it and to walk around it

-The rocks have moved and been messed up a little bit

-He knew that this work would change a lot over the years

-He didn't want ppl to keep repairing it

-He wanted it to eventually become one with the land again

modernism- less is more

postmodernism- less is a bore

Post Modernism isn't

-a single style

-easily definable

-comes from dissatisfaction with modern architecture

-Ppl brought back classical architecture

-They wanted architecture to be interesting again

-Form takes precedence over function

-Postmodernism focuses on the local style and history

-Ppl wanted to use classical art in their styles so there isn't a lot of originality

-skepticism

personalized style

meaning over form

favors fabrication

highly cynical

multicultural artists

much more global

pluralism in style-no neat order

denies fixed structure and perfection

denies the existence of truth

emphasis of collaboration

questions the rules of modernism,

Characteristics:

-luxury, opulence
-aristocratic tastes
-conspicuous leisure
-pastel colors
-subjects of love, flirtation
-fantasy
-private, intimate scenes
-lush landscapes

Theme:

-Fashionable

-Flamboyant

-Flirtatious

-Frivolous

-French

Synthetic Cubism: building up images; use of collage; “real” vs. illusion

-This was the most devastating than any other war. They had new weapons and that started the trench war. They saw the technology as one of the causes of all this violence.

Focused on absurdity, the element of chance
(Enlightenment values of logic and reason only lead to war)

-people felt like all the reason and enlightenment just lead to the war so they turn to the absurd and random

Challenged the status quo in art, culture, etc.

-this movement started w poets in Switzerland

-the cafe voltare was were the artists would meet and read nonsensical poems.

-They are really pushing the boundaries in art and literature

1930’s
Element of chance (like Dada)
Randomness related to dream states
Juxtaposition of unrelated objects
Exploration of the subconscious mind
Dream images
Stream of consciousness

-He danced around and splattered his paint all over the canvas

-you can't forge a Jackson Polluck

-His art has a very unique and important personal hand gestures and styles

Brunelleschi lost and Ghiberti won

Brunelleschi- was more expensive, and composition wasn't as good

Ghiberti- Uses a rocky landscape that draws it all together, was less expensive

-luxury cloth guild was in charge of the decorating of the baptestry

- Gothic style

- engineering masterpiece

-Uses contrapposto

-classically inspired

-naturalistic

-shows civic pride

-was funded by the linen guild which is why he's standing on a pillow

-naturalistic

-he was naked bc it was exaggerating on the fact that he fought w/o any armor

-nudity is a reference to greek and roman art

-medieval statuary does not have nudity

-made for the Medici family (they saw themselves as underdogs that were victorious like David)

-one of the 1st fully nude sculptures

-Florence Cathedral and the Palazzo della Signoria

-naturalistic poses and details

-amazing depth

-each story is from Genesis

- Michelangelo said they could be the doors to heaven.

-made for the east entrance of the baptistry

-commissioned by the guild of the wool merchants (most wealthy)

-naturalistic body proportions

-Greek& roman ties

-plasters and columns

-fresco

-pyramidal comp

-symmetrical

-red and blue colors swapping places

-death is shown at the bottom

-made for the catholic church

-1st powerful uses of linear perspective

-shows the godhead in a very natural and humanistic way

-Santa Maria Novella, in Florence

-Fresco

-contrapposto

-use of shadow and light is very good- consistent light source from one direction

-atmospheric and linear perspective

-Peter shows up 3 times and the tax collector shows up twice which is a continuous narrative

-teaches abt respecting the laws of the land

-the comp leads ur eyes to Christ

-the Brancacci chapel in Santa Maria del Carmine in Florence

-the depth is weird and distorted

-tempura

-gold paint on the painting

-atmospheric perspective

-depicts the Florentine victory

-3 panels done as a set

-removed from the home of the family who had originally commissioned it bc the ruler of Florence liked them.

-the palace of Lionardo Bartolini Salimbeni in Florence

-Fresco

-the figures seem a little too big for the space

-the figures aren't naturalistic

-very simple, not many details

-made for a monastery so the monks knew the story and lived a more simple life

-the background is the same as the monastery

-the Convent of San Marco in Florence, Italy

-figure in the center is venus

-figures are elongated and they aren't grounded on the floor

A little atmospheric perspective

-tempura on wood

-pretty flat comp.

-Primavera means spring

-doesn't have a specific story

-a modern artist using ancient figures

-family name of the patron of this work was Medici

-Florence Italy

-body is purposefully distorted

-Mary Magdalene

-he didn't rly show that many details to help identify her besides her scruffy clothes and appearance bc she lives in the wilderness after Christ dies

-she's often depicted w very long hair

-in the Baptistery of Saint John in Florence, Italy

-atmospheric pers.

-tempura

-the little boy looks at his grandfather rather than at his ugly nose

-love is more substantial than appearance

- linear perspective

-contrapposto, naturalistic

-symmetrical

-tempura

-one light source

-Corinthian order columns

-sacra conversazione

-Mary, baby Jesus, St. Francis, John the Baptist, S. Zenobias, Lucy(dish/eyes gouged out)

-Located on the high altar of Santa Lucia de' Magnoli in Florence, Italy

-oil on wood

-improbable subject matter but the main goal was to be able to paint the human body

-he was martyred after being discovered bc he was trying to help other Christians

- "s" shape of his body is being shown here

-ancient roman architecture is shown in ruins showing that Christians will outlast Rome

-linear perspective and atmospheric perspective

-Sainte Chapelle at Aigueperse, a castle in the Auvergne in France

-It's a fresco but he painted it to look like the architectural details of the room

-classical roman details

-north-eastern tower of St. George's Castle in Mantua, Italy (Northern Italy)

-extremely naturalistic

-very naturalistic

-this painting is telling the story that St. Francis was so humble and close to Christ that he had prints on his hands and feet too.

-He's not wearing shoes which shows that he was in a holy place

-comments on how holy nature is

-originally intended for the church of San Francesco del Deserto in Venice, Italy

-linear perspective, classical architecture

-oil paint

-church of San Zaccaria in Venice, Italy

-guy holding keys is Peter

-figure sitting was tortured on a wheel and that's why she's holding one

-lucy is the girl holding the eyes

-linear perspective is very clearly being used here.

-continuous narrative

-shows Roman architecture

-contrapposto

-Fresco

-painted to support the authority of the popes

-one of the first paintings to mark Rome as an artistic center during the Renaissance

-Sistine Chapel, Rome

-when Mary is sitting on the ground it's the Madonna of humility

-oil on wood

- shows foreshortening in her hand

-Jesus has a blessing gesture

-doesn't use halos which is a new development

-pyramidal composition

-chiaroscuro

-mysterious dark background

-These three panels all came from an elaborate, and partly sculpted, altarpiece that was made for the church of San Francesco Grande, Milan. (North of florence)

-the apostles are in groups of 4

-the painting is in terrible condition bc he used oil paint and tempura on dry plaster and it never rly adhered to the wall

-each apostle has a unique and interesting reaction to hearing that one of them would betray Him.

-Christ is very calm a centered and everyone around him freaking out.

-the goal of his paintings was to capture the emotions of the person's soul

-Milano, in the refectory of the Dominican convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie (north of Florence)

-This composition is new bc of the 3-quarter view and the hands in view. (this is new in Italy but was common in the north)

-a good example of Sfumato

-oil on panel

-Florence Italy

-Small building that marks where Peter was killed= Martyrium

-has Greek architecture

-very deeply carved marble

-very naturalistic

-Michelangelo's Pietà was originally commissioned to be an altarpiece in the Chapel of Saint Petronilla in Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome

-they thought it was to amazing to be put so up high so they put it outside the Florentine Republic (town square)

-follows the traditions of ancient sculpture

-nudity comes from greek and roman traditions

-medieval statuary does not have nudity

-he's in movement abt to throw his sling

-It was created for a religious purpose but bc of where it was finally placed it ended up being more of a political message.

-Florence Italy

-elegance and ideal beauty

-it's the story of the p of s basically

-the whole thing points to the coming of Christ

-foreshadows Christ's death bc he's holding the cross

-very faint halos

-oil paint

-Florence Italy

-right next to the Sistine Chapel (Rome)

-all the areas of learning are connected

-connects and references classical architecture

-very good usage of linear perspective

-fresco

-The artist died young and not a lot is known about him

-no one really knows the story of what is going on in this painting

-some ppl think that it's allegorical

-very unique and doesn't seem to fit the time period very well

-oil on canvas

-man is very rich, elegant, and wealthy

-his clothes are fancy and we are looking up at him

-profile/ 3 quarter view- positioned away from us

-oil on canvas

-done in Venice

-originally it was on the wall along the left side of the naive but now it's an altarpiece in a chapel

-The Pesaro family funded the painting

-the 2 huge columns were added later

-pyramidal composition

-oil

- Peter, a naval leader, St. Francis, and the Pesaro family are all subjects

-the illusion of depth is created primarily through the use of cast shadows

-very few windows

-lots of Greek architecture but it's not being used correctly.

-created for a learned audience that would find this funny

-there are niche's but they are empty

-the staircase is so huge for such a small room

-the Greek architecture is used but in the wrong ways

-1st free-standing staircase

-was gonna be made out of walnut but ended up being stone

-walls are covered with false windows and columns which were very manneristic

-Huge pediments & pilasters all over

-brackets are usually used for support but these ones just hang and they are super big

-books were very precious in this time

-body proportions are exaggerated

-fabric is at sharp angles like it's paper

-the light source is spiratic

-the middle of the painting is empty rather than having a focal point

-everything is chaotic except for Jesus

-detail is very impressive

-the colors are vibrant

-depicts motion well

-the thought of elongating people made them look very elegant

- he used enough naturalism so that we knew he was doing it on purpose

-located in Duomo of Volterra, Pinacoteca Comunale, Volterra

-oil on wood

-everything is very chaotic except for Jesus

-altarpiece

-tempura on wood

-no linear perspective or atmospheric perspective

-they are distorted to express sadness and grief

-they like complicating the body.

-made for a learned audience so they would understand that they artist knew how to draw it correctly

-oil on panel

-funerary chapel of Francesco Tagliaferri in Parma, Italy

-the table is diagonal which is a new fresh way of doing it.

- there is no natural light source so it makes the painting feel more mysterious

-this painting is all about the energy and drama

-there's some weird linear perspective going on.

-this is one of the first time that angels are depicted in this way.

-there are a lot of details besides the last supper

-the building that this painting was in is very clean and white so this painting adds contrast

-there is a lot of movement being portrayed- looks more like a banquet

-the artist was in trouble w the Catholics for adding to many distracting details so they had a council and that's why he changed the name to the feast in the house of Levi

-he is painting this spiritual moment in a very real setting

-there are a lot of background objects: a table, chair, doorway, and a column

-Medici pop cultivated a very sophisticated court. It was seen as a good thing to have a mask and a fake persona

-very polished and clean brush strokes

-there are 5 masks hidden in this painting: on the table, chair, on his sleeve, he is a mask as well, and the book is closed keeping you from seeing what's inside.

-The emphatic physical suffering was intended to be thaumaturgic (miracle performing), a point of identification for the denizens of the hospital.

-St. Anthony's artifacts were known to be able to heal a disease called St. Anthony's fire

- St. Sabastian (arrow guy) is known to heal the plague

-and Jesus is also able to heal people

-so people would come here to pray to these saints

-when you open the panel Christ's arms and legs get cut off

-we also have Mary Magdalene, John, Mary, John the Baptist

-the Latin words say I must decrease and he must increase

-there is hieratic scale being used

-looks very medieval but the second view of this altarpiece fit better with the time

-the second view's images are a lot more joyful and shows the triumph that the people will have

-right before ppl started destroying religious images in Northern Europe

- The image was made as one of a series of fifteen illustrations for a 1498 edition of the Apocalypse

-In Revelations the main distinguishing feature of the four horses is their color; white for conquest, red for war, black for pestilence and/or famine, and pale (from “pallor”) for death

- this is a woodcut/print

-he engraved each horseman in black and white so you have to distinguish them by the weapons they have and the order they are drawn in.

-death, famine, war, pestilence (L to R)

-his hand looks kind of like the blessing gesture

-The emotionless look of his face resembles the way Christ was painted

--1500's was like it's own Y2K of it's time so he's kind of talking about the coming of christ

-Fit's w the renaissance idea of artists being respected intellectuals

-Shows the Northern interest in the high detail

- Durer was a very important artist and he worked closely with the other famous artists of his time

- he's 28 when he paints this

-oil on wood

-diptych

-The protestant reformation is taking place rn and Durer converted to Protestantism.

-in this painting he depicted the favorite apostles of Martin Luther's favorite apostles Paul and John

- Peter is reading Johns scripture which is saying in the beginning was the word... This is saying that the word is more important than the catholic authority

-only 50 years after the printing press was invented and the bible is now being printed and distributed

-the reformers liked Paul bc he taught a lot about apostacy and grace

- L to R: John, Peter, St. Mark, Paul

- shares the idea that the word comes from the bible and not from the church

-He painted this after he went to Italy and you can see he is learning from them bc of how grounded the figures are

-this wasn't an altarpiece and it wasn't for people to pray to so the protestants where chill w it.

-this painting is about the things we can't see

-this artist was in Switzerland and he had to move to England bc no one was buying art there.

-the men in this painting are in England. This painter is going to be the court painter for the King of England

-John de Dinteville on the left (he commissioned the painting and the painting is his house) He is shown as a very wealthy and successful man the dagger has his age on it, He's 29

Georges de Selve is on the right. He is dressed modestly, The book has his age on it and he is 25.

-both are ambassadors from France

-The top shelf has objects relating to the study of astronomy and time. The lower shelf has objects that are more earthly

-on the left you have the active life and on the right you have the contemplative life.

-at the top, you have the celestial sphere and at the bottom, you have the terrestrial sphere.

-there is a string that is snapped on the instrument represents the discord going on with the church.

-the weird object in the foreground is an anamorphic image (An image that's been artificially stretched in perspective) - if you look at it from a different angle you can see that it is a human skull

-you can't see it when you look at the other images in the painting.

-the transcendent objects are distorted

- this painting is all about the things that humans and these men have accomplished in life and the skull and hidden cross remind us of the limits of life.

-The tile shows his understanding of linear perspective and the influence of his trip to Florence.

-the patterns and texture shows the northern influence

-King Henry the 8th

-the fancy outfit distracts from how huge and fat he is

-this is a painting depicting the power and elegance of the king.

-The letters bring our attention to his eyes

-beautiful details in his clothing

-there's a subtle halo created with his hat

-very simple background and face compared to his clothes

-You can see his sword showing his dangerous power as well.

-all the ppl going to church are looking at the beggar and his son and not giving them anything

-in the right background, we see a tavern scene w people eating mussels by a snug fire.

-the main message of this painting warns against greed and excess

-beginning of painting w/o a commission and hoping that someone will buy it

symbols of Christianity: The fish are crossed, flight into Egypt in the background, pretzel, and meat hanging on a cross

-the tavern scene is the contrast to the Christian scene. Oysters were a symbol of lust. And taverns were a place of sin and wickedness

-he went to Italy and studied art there but he kept drawing landscapes- he did learn atmospheric perspective

-series of paintings showing the season of the year

-the foreground shows the stress and difficulty of winter and the background shows the fun and joy of winter.

- follows northern trends bc of all the visual interest and details to look at.

-this is a composed/imagined landscape

-lots of uses of shape, line, variety, etc. the design principles are all being used.

-he's using green and red- complementary colors

-he painted peasants and sold them to upper class ppl

-This painting is unique bc this artist drew peasant ppl. He painted everyday life

-rich ppl would buy it bc it was wholesome, they wanted to relate to peasants and understand the lifestyle that they weren't apart of

-the protestant reformation happened and so the church wasn't commissioning paintings as much anymore and so artists are looking for new things to draw.

-this painting is set in Belgium.

-our eyes are being drawn to the bride. She is at the top of a pyramid formed by the waiters

-in their custom the bride was very reserved and wouldn't partake in the eating and drinking.

-linear perspective and understanding of space

-the storybook quality and difference in style shows that it's clearly not ren

-our capital buildings follow Michelangelo's dome (he designed the back)

-has Corinthian columns

-still the biggest church in the world

-very important location

-the blessed are on one side and the dammed are on the other side. Christ is in the center

-very energetic and chaotic

-very physical, the struggle of saving souls on the left and the struggle of pulling ppl into the boat and hell on the right.

-intentionally distorted figures

-St. Bartholomeus Skin is a self-portrait of Michelangelo

-the Catholics are trying to convince their members to reconvert and repent so they liked this scary last days painting.

-Jupiter disguised himself as a white bull and when Europa went to pet the bull he dragged her off

-very lose brush strokes/ painterly- this is one of the first times you see this

-it was painted for the king of Spain in Venice

-lady in waiting to the queen of Spain in 1559 & she was a member of the court of King Philip II until 1573

- she painted a lot of self-portraits which wasn't very common. People would buy them because they thought it was cool that there was a female artist.

- she depicted herself as a virtuous and modest woman.

- Patronage more and more from rising middle-class merchants, bankers, and other private collectors

-New subject matter: portraits, views of home interiors, still-lifes, genre scenes (depiction of everyday life) and landscapes

-Non-religious art with moral messages: vanitas symbols and memento mori themes

-There's almost always a moral being portrayed even tho the scene weren't obviously religious

-In Dutch landscapes 2/3rds of the painting are usually sky

-Absolute power

-The Royal Academy is introduced

-“Ideal” and “Idyllic” landscapes

Vanitas- paintings that remind people that life is short

-It's not immediately obvious who Matthew is. This causes us to see ourselves as Matthew more easily.

-Jesus is also covered by peter

-ppl didn't like how Peter and Jesus were depicted

-Caravaggio lived a wild lifestyle- he killed someone

-ppl like his paintings bc they can see themselves in the painting

-San Luigi dei Frances is the name of the church- in this chapel there are 3 paintings of St. Matthew by Caravaggio

-the light coming in from the window and the cross are both symbolism of Christ and His Atonement

-sharp contrast in light and shadow is being used

-ties back to God pointing at Adam

-In the Santa Maria del Popolo church, Rome in the Cerasi chapel

-The Catholic church liked this bc it depicted a conversion story and they want their members to be more converted

-the artist has pushed out anything that isn't essential so the focus is very strongly on the story

-there was a first version that wasn't used. It was more narrative

-The light looks almost supernatural or spiritual there doesn't seem to be a natural light source

-the center is empty so there isn't a clear focal point

-he is foreshortened

-he wanted the viewer to feel involved in the painting so it places his subjects very close to us

-the groomsman seemed oblivious to what was going on bc this experience was very private and personal to Paul

-the Catholic church wanted ppl to have their own conversion

-the view is from the side and we are looking at it from up high so it helps that the figures are very big

-This was a female artist that was given opportunities through her father

-the story is that Judith went into the Assyrian camp as a spy and then she kills Holofernes (the general) when he invites her to come into his tent

- This version of the painting is after the deed is done.

-she is showing the candle to explain the dramatic light and dark

-she uses very rich color

-the ladies still look very nervous bc they are trying to finish the deed and escape

-his bent arms and legs symbolizes dismemberment.

-the biggest church in the world. It was built to glorify Rome and the Catholic church.

-Corinthian columns and other classical features.

-The varying spaces in between the columns add some interest and movement.

-Huge columns called colossal order which adds a sense of drama that makes it feel baroque

-He called it the welcoming arms of the church

-the end looks like a Greek temple but the shapes used overall are very new and energetic

-each side of the colonnade is known as the motherly arms of the church gathering people in

-the ren used basic shapes and now the baroque period is using more complex shapes like ovals and trapezoids

-They believe that right under this crossing is where St. Peter is buried

-the crossing is right under the dome

-made of bronze- 8 stories of it was very expensive

-covered w vines, little animals, and cherubs

-the spiraled columns are a connection to Solomon's temple bc there were supposedly spiraled columns.

-the decor on the wall is from the old St. Peters church

-still current and Baroque bc of the energy and drama

-he said that he would build it for free

-facade- the frontal part of the church

-he also remodeled the interior

-there is a fountain on each corner

-very baroque and sculptural rather than feeling like architecture

-it's not rational like the renaissance

-it's showing half the story bc it's not showing Goliath

-the armor that he didn't put on, on the ground beneath him

-the artist is very good at depicting texture which brings in some contrast

-more realistic proportions rather than naturalistic ideals. It's not godlike it looks more like what a normal human would look like

-his face shows concentration like he is going to put all his effort into throwing the stone even though he has the support of god

-affirms the catholic church using art to deepen the faith of it's members

-the stance in Michelangelo's stance is very open and uninterrupted but Bernini's isn't and that creates some contrast

-Michelangelo's is huge and Bernini's smaller and closer to a normal human size

-they want ppl to experience the art in their heart and their body

-Caravaggio was kind of a bad boy while Bernini was a good boy. Bernini was a favorite with the Catholic church

-dynamism/ instability

-a moment in time

-emotional intensity

- she was a very good model of what people should do

-ppl were inspired by her conversion story. This is a story abt a vision that she had. She was stabbed in the heart w an arrow by an angel. It was painful but she was also filled with the love of God.

-this piece is felt very physically and it's abt those physical and spiritual experiences

-there's a window that is hidden so there's this light source that you can't see

-her robe and the angel robe are done in a different way

-everything is in movement

-It's meant to feel like a stage. There are stage boxes and the donor family is in them

-material is marble

-broken and curved pediment

-this one doesn't have the energy or action but all of the other baroque characteristics are there

- this painting was in a monastery funeral chapel and so that is probably why it was very somber and reverent

-It's still dramatic bc of the story that it's depicting

-the paper is made to look like it's actually pinned on there and that effect is called Trompe L'oeil which means fool the eye

-very naturalistic and detailed

-All new world vegetables and this is when Spain was colonizing America

-Quince and Cabbage hanging are like when we hang bananas

-the diagonal line/curved lines

-dynamic balance

-the reference to the passing of time

-the cucumber is coming of the edge towards the viewer giving viewer involvement

-there is a lot of naturalism

-this man looks, educated, proud, distance between him and us. He is looking down at us

-the Titin elbow shows up

-This man is actually a slave and you can see a hole in his

sleeve

-Velazquez paid for this mans freedom and taught him how to paint.

-he was preparing to do a portrait of the King but it's nice to think that he saw the dignity of his slave as well.

-the likeness and naturalism is really good.

-he uses loose, painterly brush strokes but it's still incredibly lifelike? - the values are really good and our eyes can fill in the details if it's painted well enough.

-this painting is about glazes. It's all about who's looking at who.

-As a royal painting this is very formal for what it usually would be expected to look like.

-Some say that the artist put himself into the painting to show how important he is.

-the maids are giving her hot chocolate which is a new world thing

-this painting is done very loosely and painterly

-everything feels like it's in movement

Iconography- the symbolism in the mirror and the ppl looking in different places. It's a royal painting of the princess. This room is the Kings studio and he hangs a lot of paintings in there.

-this painting has a lot of layers. It could be named a lot of things and it's a self-portrait, family portrait, genre scene, painting of skill, etc.

formal lens- High contrast, linear perspective, light coming from one source, figures feel like they are in motion, The variety of the faces heights, it's balanced but not symmetrical, a lot of implied triangles, the princess is the focal point,

social/historical- This is from royalty, The princess was their only living daughter and their last change to carry on their family name. They had many children but they all died. The red cross was added to his chest later bc he was apart of the knighthood. Shows the power of the Spanish court, the cup of hot chocolate from the new world.

-Cathedral of our Lady, Antwerp, Belgum

-it was right by a sailing port and it would be on a predella

-very muscular

-you can feel the weight of the moment

-Jesus seems to be triumphant in fulfilling his destiny and it's like he is looking up at God that would have been above him.

-This painting is proof of the power of religious painting

-the back of the altarpiece had very powerful and large depiction of other saints.

-usually diptychs are separate but he put each side together as one story.

-made for the lovers of art. You can tell the artist loved painting

-dramatic scene, everything is in motion, dynamic balance of the cross, there is still quite a bit of contrast, feeling of high emotion, element of time and motion, sense of viewer involvement

-Anthony started out working in Paul Rubens studio and then he was a painter for the king.

-he was self conscious about being short so the artist poses him in a way that makes him seem very tall

- he had a problem with authority

-he felt like he was divinely meant to rule all of England and he was beheaded after a revolution not long after this painting was painted.

-van dike was a child prodigy

-he shows the king in a simple way but still manages to make him seem very powerful.

-the horse seems to be bowing down to the king

-the Feast of St. Nicholas is still one of the most important holidays on the Dutch calendar (dec 6th) - kinda like Christmas

-one boy got a shoe full of birch switches used to punish naughty children bc of his bad behavior

-the grandma is beckoning the boy into the bedroom where there is a better gift

-St. Nicholas was known for his generosity and kindness especially to children

-Dutch immigrants brought this tradition to America where the tradition developed into Christmas and Santa Claus

-artist was known for painting everyday scenes w engaging details

-the moral is to look out for the lesser human emotions like greed, jealously, etc.

-women could easily set up still life's so we see a lot of these from them

-she has self portraits hidden in the reflections and details of the objects in the painting.

-the broken glass reminds us that our riches won't last forever and that life is fleeting

-the half-peeled lemon also does this bc they are rare and expensive bc they are not native to the Netherlands. Also bc it is peeled it isn't going to last very long.

Vanitas: Reminder that life is short

Memento mori: remember you will die

-this theme shows up a lot in music, hourglass, bubbles, skulls, columns, etc.

-the artist was born into a wealthy family and her father(botanist) gave her opportunities to develop her artistic abilities

-she was an apprentice to a famous painter Willem van Aelst

-she was a working mother

-she was remarkably prolific and her works were in great demand

-ppl loved flowers- tulips in particular were highly sought after. There was a huge growth in prices and then suddenly the market crashed. The world experienced it's first financial bubble.

-flowers also show that life is short

-there are strong diagonal lines that give a sense of motion

-the flowers stretching everywhere gives a feeling of energy movement

-there are bugs, and the flowers come from different seasons.

-if you look you can find all the areas of baroque art here

-landscape- In this time landscapes were usually connected to a place or a story. You can sense the artists love for this place.

-May have been commissioned by the owner of the linen grounds.

-painted on a cloudy day- you can see the shadows on the ground below

-the light and shadows draw us to the bleaching grounds

-you can see the foreground a little bit

-the billowing clouds make things feel like they are in motion.

-this movement is very baroque

-this painting is small and easy to fit in a home

-shows an honest days work

-first time we've really seen a landscape painting. This is because of the reformation

-good example of a dynamic group portrait

-the picture was used to record who was in the militia.

-looks like someone just walked in and some ppl turned to look at who it is

-jolly toper=jolly drunkard

-thought to be an allegorical portrait of the 5 senses.

-glass of wine is taste and smell

-touch w the way his hand is outstretched

-hearing bc is mouth is partially open like he is in the middle of saying something

-the hat adds a lot of interest. It gives good diagonal lines

-ppl think she is a student of Hals

-she was in the artist guild which was very rare for a woman

-in this area they weren't commissioned to do religious paintings anymore

-feels very lively like she paused painting for just a moment to talk to us

-she painted herself in fancier clothes than she would normally wear to show her importance as an artist

-she was known for painting musicians so this shows her ability as a genre painter and a portraitist.

-she could have used this as an audition piece to get into the guild (ppl called this an artist's masterpiece)

-she was only 21

-it took many years for her work to be discovered bc it was passed off as a different male artist's work for a while.

-it causes the viewer to wonder what the woman chooses. Virtue or Vice?

-painted by a female artist

-the painting is small

-she was a member of the artist's guild which was very rare for a woman

-she painted scenes of everyday ppl doing everyday things also known as genre scenes

-her work is distinctive for the flat background that gives little sense of interior space

-one of the few female-painted proposition pieces so maybe it's giving more of the woman's perspective.

-very large painting and it was even cut down

-Rembrandt's most famous work and prolly the most famous painting in the Netherlands.

-a group portrait of a militia company- ppl had to pay to be part of the painting. It was a way of showing civic pride

-instead of making it a just portrait it feels very naturalistic. The artist added a story

-lots of action and things going on

-there is a sneaky self-portrait of Rembrandt in here

-they are shown using their weapon which was a source of pride.

-the girl refers to the name of this militia company (Arquebusiers). She is kinda like a mascot

-This painting makes you care about the story and the night watch bc it feels so real

-This painting was cut down when it was moved to a new location

-It was originally named after the militia company and the name changed much later when ppl wouldn't know who the militia company was.

-the face is very thick and it looks like he worked on it a lot

Impasto- Thickly applied paint

-more painterly

-there's a movement in and out of light that's very impressive

-he uses a lot of color which is very cool

-this was a difficult time of his career and his wife had recently died.

-he is showing the effects of time on his face

-he poses himself similarly to Durer's self-portrait

-It feels like he is posing himself like the king of painting.

-oil on canvas

-this is when great multitudes follow Jesus and he heals them and also when Jesus invited the children to come to him when the disciples told them not to. There's also the rich mad hidden in there. This is all from Matthew 19.

-Christ is very gentile and beautiful

-this artist went through a period of being forgotten but then his work was found and now he is very famous. He has about 30 paintings and that isn't very much compared to other artists.

- scene of everyday life with greater meaning

-wearing very fine clothing

-the painting in the background behind shows the last judgment

-he was a rare catholic. His wife was a catholic and so he converted so he could marry her

-the balance is in the center of the painting

-the woman's head divides the saved and the dammed.

-maybe it's the need to balance worldly things and spiritual things

-the mirror could have more meaning as well.

-she appears to be pregnant which is a time a waying life and the importance of our child and the choices of the future.

-It's a small portrait

-the pearl is to to big to actually be a pearl

-this is not a portrait it is a tronie. This is because we don't know the identity of the woman.

Tronie- A type of person being depicted

- she is an exotic person from outside of the middle east. This is because of her turban.

-her position seems very momentary like she has just turned to look at us

-this artist worked very slowly and produced very few works

-the face of Jesus being lit up is a big hint that this is about Jesus. The carpenter material and the cross shaped tool are also indicators.

-there is some very high contrast.

it means a mythic, ideal place (that you go to when you die)

-even death is here in this paradise

• What period of art are the figures in this painting based on?

 -ancient shepherds and a very classical female figure. All of them follow the traditions of Greek and Roman sculpture. The treatment of the drapery is a good example of this

• What is the message on the tomb that one of the figures points to?

 The message says I too once lived (or am in) Arcadia. It is referring to death

• What elements of the painting suggest a passage of time?

-the tomb is old and shows the effect of the time

-the reference to Greek and Roman sculpture shows the passage of time as well

-This artist was very interested in depicting the past in subject matter, color, etc.

-It looks like maybe they are disturbed by the message

Vanitas- paintings that remind people that life is short

-this is when he is writing the book of revelation, the end of time and the second coming of Christ

• What does the eagle in the painting symbolize?

 -the eagle is the symbol of St. John

• What is an “ideal landscape?” What are the qualities of the “ideal landscape” in this painting?

 -very serene and peaceful landscape

-Poussin invented the "ideal landscape" and it became a standard in the French academy

-The figure is in the foreground in a very classic pose

-very clear foreground, middle ground, and background.

-draws the viewers eyes slowly through the landscape

-collage of ideal forms

-balance- there's trees on each side

• What elements of the painting suggest a passage of time

-he is surrounded by ruins of a classical architecture and the way that you travel though the painting as you look at it.

-the obelisk and the arch shows civilizations that have fallen

-even though other civilizations end Christianity will never end

-this is a fictional place

-oil on canvas

-done during the time that Rome is reborn and a lot of new art was made

-this artist shows peaceful, neoclassical style

-the control of emotion was very important and so even though John is writing something very dramatic and violent the scene is still very peaceful

 -He is the focal point

-His gaze meets the viewer with confidence and directness

-The silk curtains create an honorific canopy overhead

-the lavish carpet

-a marble column sits on a gilded base, symbolizing the strength of the monarch

-he's looking down at the viewer

-lot's of intricate details in his clothing

-blue and gold lilies in his coronation robe symbolize the French monarchy- called flur de lee

-his royal sword, scepter, and crown

-his fancy hair representing his youth even though he's 63

-his defined legs make him look younger and show off that he was a dancer

• What did King Louis IV mean when he said, “L’etat, c’est moi”?

 L’etat, c’est moi = I am the state

-full power resided with the king and he was not subject to any constitutional limitations

-he believed that he ruled by divine right and that he received his authority directly from God

• Which Greek god did Louis IV compare himself to?

 -Louis became known as le Roi Soleil, the Sun King

-this is like the Greek god Apollo

• How did this work serve as a proxy for the king in his absence?

-the image was placed over the throne and in the king’s absence, the painting served as his proxy and courtiers were forbidden to turn their backs on the painting.

 -By building Versailles, Louis shifted the seat of French government away from the feuding, gossiping, trouble-making noble families in Paris.

• What was the hall used for in Louis XIV’s day?

-The 357 mirrors that catch the setting sun’s rays inside the palace and remind us of Louis XIV’s power.

-mirrors are very expensive and were only made in one place

-it was mainly used as a passageway

-the king would take this hallway to his private chapel and courtiers would crowd in here to try to talk to him

-it was also used for parties, balls, and military agreements

• What covers the two main walls of the Hall of Mirrors?

 one side has windows looking into the gardens and the other side is covered with windows

• What notable event took place in this hall in 1919?

-the Treaty of Versailles that officially ended World War I was signed here in 1919

-the outside is a lot more simple and authoritative looking rather than overwhelmingly extravagant

-the garden was huge and very detailed and controlled

 -created for the middle class

• What were the artists trying to portray about the peasant family?

 -simplicity and the intrinsic goodness

• What are “classical” characteristics of this painting?

 -the contrast and the folds of drapery

• What are three ways simplicity is emphasized in this work?

-the colors are very simple

-there is beautiful light on the figures which gives strong contrast

-the clothing and the food

-these brothers are known for these somber scenes of everyday life

-we don't know which brother painted it

-There are rules almost like a mathematical formula that you have to follow to create the perfect, ideal landscape.
Idyllic Landscape- (hazy, light, peaceful) depicts idealized scenes of nature and often includes references to mythology or religion

-he was the first artist to go outside and paint from sight

-oil on canvas

-distinct foreground, middle ground, background

-atmospheric perspective is shown

-feels more realistic like a place you could go to

-They would have salons: intimate gatherings with 20 ppl or less, and they would invite smart influential ppl

-Sincerity and enthusiasm are both undesirable qualities 

-There are roses and also a cupid that hint at love being the subject of this painting.

-It's all about the couples falling in love on this trip

-It's not clear if the group is on their way to Cythera or if they are leaving.

-It is very classical with the Greek figures (Aphrodite, Cupid, and the Puti)

-This was a piece the artist used as his application to the French academy. He turned it in late and it didn’t fit any of the categories but they loved the painting so they added a new category.

-This category is called Fete Galante (An outdoor entertainment or party for the aristocracy)

- The academy was divided between the Rubenistes and the Poussinistes

- This artist is a Rubenist

-It was bought not long after it was hung outside

-It shows how rich aristocrats would buy paintings and sit around all day

-she lived in the place and was a member of the court. She was middle class and managed to travel up bc of her beauty and whit

-She was a lady in waiting then she became the court mistress to the king

-This was a title that was very open and known by everyone 

-She had her own wing too

-It shows that she can read and write. She would advise the king

-she had a crazy fancy dress and it is appealing to the aristocracy 

-she also had time to sit any other class would be very busy at work doing their tasks

-There’s flowers like the king would give her lots of flowers

-The Pompadour hairstyle is named after her

-

-very frivolous, naughty, and sexually charged

-she’s a mistress 

-the dog is a sign of loyalty and he’s barking abt how this shouldn’t be going on

-the statue seems to be telling the dog to stop barking

-the chaperone is oblivious to what is going on

-the man commissioned this to celebrate his mistress and the love he had for her

-he used rapid loose brush strokes

-this is for the middle-class

-it's a lot more humble a relatable

-the boy has a rip in his sleeve and there is a crack in the marble

-It's an intimate scene

-a lot of the paintings feel very green, the few branches we see are very lush

-conspicuous leisure bc they have time to just blow bubbles

-He painted this painting more than once

-This was done w pastels so that it would be dry right away

-The mask shows that he had been in Venice

-she is a member of 3 art academies.

-He made a lot of these canal paintings in Venice

-He was very prolific and made a lot of paintings.

-He owned a camera obscura so he used that to do fast sketches

-He uses very tight brush strokes

-This is a scene of every day life

-At the time the artist wasn't that well known. Later he became famous

-"This is a conversation piece" (an informal group portrait)

-Usually presented a small group of individuals in an outdoor space, engaged in discussion and unaware of the viewer’s presence. They are looking at the painter so this deviates from tradition a little bit.

-They are posed on the left side instead of the middle, which gives a much wider view of the landscape than was usually expected

-The artist considered himself as a landscape artist rather than a portrait artist

-They are pale bc they don't have to work outside

-The woman's dress has the pastel colors that were popular in France

-The space on the woman's lap is just bare canvas and no one knows what he meant to paint there.

-The couple is celebrating their marriage so love

- They have leisure time

-Her dress is rly fancy so it's aristocratic

-The stormy clouds foresee problems in their marriage. You can tell that she doesn't like her husband at all.

-It's an intimate scene

-The painting is telling a moral narrative bc it is talking abt how this immoral scene isn't right.

-This painting is part of a series of paintings that tells a story about a rich young man obtaining his father's wealth and gaining popularity

-He leaves his mistress Sarah, who was pregnant, and he paid her off. She visits him in many of the paintings and cries over what could have been

-He uses all his money on partying, gambling, etc.

-He is in a very well-known place called the Rose Tavern and everyone would recognize themselves in the scene.

-He ran out of money and he had to marry an ugly old lady

-He lost all his money and he gets sent to debtors' prison. and he eventually goes crazy.

-many of the paintings were set in well-known places

-He sold the print's of these paintings to people rather then the painting themselves. People liked to collect all of them.

-The middle class liked this because they could make fun of the aristocrats.

Poussinistes vs. Rubenistes- People leaned towards either the style of Poussin or Pubens. Eventually, trends turned to Rubens the most. It's pretty clear that rococo art was inspired by him.

Poussoninistes- line, finished look

Rubenistes- color, open brushwork

The Grand Tour-

Moral Narratives-

planarity- all on one plane or arranged in a straight line

Auster- the opposite of luxury

-he was looking back at work from Nicolas Poussin

- This is a story from ancient Roman history: Rome is at war with Alba. Instead of having a war they send 3 brothers from each side to battle it out. Whoever survives is the side that's victorious. (Rome: Horatii brothers)(Alba: Curatii brothers). There are intermarriages between these 2 families, so both sides lose

-The 2 women are shown as very passive and limp, showing how they are not able to handle matters outside the home. The men show a contrast bc they are purposeful and determined

-shows a very classical style: lighting, focus on body structure, linear perspective, and a vanishing point.

-People loved this painting, and the museum had to stay open longer so that people could see it.

-This painting was finished before the museum, but it is founded on the same ideas that caused the revolution.

-very realistic details and shadows. It's almost photographic

Auster- the opposite of luxury

-there aren't any extra details shown here

Planarity- all on one plane or arranged in a straight line

-The figures are very sculptural

-It was a moral story that talked about the sadness that comes with conflict and the importance of fighting for a cause greater than you.

-There is a lot of nationalism and patriotism shown here

-In 1793 King Louis XVI was executed

-This artist was a member of the Jacobin Club. This was the most radical and violent group of revolutionaries

-He was the head of propaganda and he spread the ideals of the revolution through his art.

-He would depict famous martyrs of the revolution.

-He was a writer and he worked in his bathtub because he had a terrible skin disease. Being in the bathtub soothed his pain

-A woman(Charlotte Corday) who was a royalist tricked Marat and murdered him in his bathtub

-The knife is at the bottom of the canvas, the letter he's holding is a letter that she used to trick him

-There is a new calendar and the year is year 2 rather than 1793. All of these things show a creation of the new world.

-The neoclassical interest of the body is shown

-there is a lot of simplicity

-There is a strong sense of patriotism

-The pose of the man looks like Christ when he is being taken down from the cross, replacing a Christian martyr

for a political martyr.

-This man's face was covered with sores but David painted that out.

-This painting is an exemplum virtutis, or a model of virtue

-Cornelia is an ancient Roman woman who was the mother of the future political leaders Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. The brothers Gracchi were politicians in second-century B.C.E. Rome.

-They sought social reform and were seen as friends to the average Roman citizen.

-A visitor has come to her home to show off the riches that they had. When she asks Cornelia to reveal her treasures she humbly brings her children forward.

-Angelica Kauffmann received a first-rate artistic education from her father, who was a Swiss muralist.

-She traveled to Italy and studied the art there

-the interest in ancient Rome was also sparked by the recent discoveries of ancient cities like Herculaneum and Pompeii

-This was a very noble story that was a call to morality. It's a call to return to family virtues

-He taught people from the United States at this academy and most of them went back to the US after.

-West deliberately painted this composition as a dramatic blockbuster.

-West portrayed the painting’s protagonist as Christ-like.

-no classical architecture or classical style clothing

-French and Indian war

-General Wolfe is a British general who died in battle. His death was a motivation for his soldiers to win the war. He was a political martyr

-The dramatic heroic death scene is very neoclassical

-very patriotic and naturalistic

-The brush work is very tight

-Roman poses were used

- The idea of “natural” man led to a focus on an idealized view of rural, peasant life.

- Peasants, according to this line of reasoning, lived more simply, were closer to the earth and had not been corrupted by the forces of elite society.

-With its depiction of a simple rural interior and the emotions of love, sadness, and joy, this painting encapsulates Enlightenment ideas of man—natural and uncorrupted.

-You can see that it's a poor family because of the small dowry and the animals in the house.

-When you see emotion in neoclassicalism, it's very dignified and refined. They aren't very dramatic

-The figures feel very sculptural

-They are all lined up on one plane

-feels more austere

-Shows the family ideals of the peasant class.

-The closer you are to nature the more virtuous you are

-progress is always good

-She is an artist for the queen of France during the revolution

-She was up against many obstacles, but she was still able to be in the Royal Academy of Arts in France

-She is showing that authenticity is important and still a value among the aristocracy.

-Her dress recalls the style of ancient Greece

-There is an informality that also has political importance

-Moved easily among the royal courts of Europe

-To paint people as a business, you have to have a license, and in order to do this, you have to be in the French academy of art, which was very rare for women. Marie Antwanet hired her to be her personal portrait painter, and that is how she finally got to be in the academy.

-It's simple, austere, she's wearing classical clothing

-She is associated with royalty and so she is attempting to show the revolutionists that she loves her family and that the royalty are still real people.

-It didn't work, she had to leave Paris for 12 years for her safety.

-It has a flat plane, only the woman and daughter are shown

-When you see this from the 1700s on, it's a neoclassical style building.

-shows rational, clear thinking, elegance, education, democracy, justice, freedom, and power

-Ppl were trying to figure out what our style should be and art academies were starting to be formed

-They don't have any old architecture to paint so they decided that what made America special was the wide, wild, and untamed areas of nature.

-This is the Hudson River

-This is showing the sublime bc the tree was blasted by lightning

-We can see a new growing civilization

-You can see the artist hidden in the foreground painting

-There are letters on the mountain that spell out Noah, referencing the beginning of a civilization and his hopes for this new nation.

-It shifts from the sublime to the Pastoral

-He uses loose brush strokes

-comments on society a lot

-made his living as a court artist for the king of Spain

-He liked King Charles the 3rd, but he did not like King Charles the 4th, and this one shows King Charles the 4th

-This ties back to Velasquez's painting: There's a big painting on the side, there's paintings on the wall in the background, and the artist is in the painting

-This family is going to lose power from Napoleon very soon.

-The artist posed these people in a very awkward and unappealing way

-You can tell that he doesn't really like them

-The figures are not idealized and they look very human. People no longer see royalty as gods; they are now seen as normal people.

-he was all about reasoning and enlightenment as well.

-This is his most famous painting

-This depicts an uprising by the Spaniards against the new French control

-The French soldiers' faces are covered bc they are an unfeeling machine

-We can clearly see the victims' faces, which makes us feel sympathy for them

-The man dying is shown to be a type of Christ. He even has marks in his hands

-We don't know this man's name and he is more of a victim than a martyr

-There is nothing noble about this death, it is more horrific, showing the violence of war

-This shows a passionate, violent, and dramatic scene, which makes it a very romantic style painting

-This is a large painting and it's oil

-The man who is about to be shot is the focal point

-The diagonal of the solders create depth as well as scale

-The dead figure shows foreshortening

-The artist uses loose brush strokes

-This painting was not commissioned

-Thor and the serpent die in this battle

-heroes fight or give up their lives for someone else

-anti-hero's do things for more selfish reasons

-The little thing in the top left corner is oden, Thor's dad

-feel very supernatural and like it's before the beginning of time

-The serpent wrapped around this leg references the garden of Eden

-He used a new printmaking method

-The electrical looking hair is referencing His power being used in creation

-This scene feels violent, which kind of references birth and the struggle of life

-William Blake remembers his premortal life and he tries to paint them

-People found this landscape rather boring and ordinary

-For this artist, it was a longing for the past and nostalgia

-He's saying the rural, simple way of life is becoming a thing of the past

-This place, weather, and every detail are very realistic

-He made his paintings very big because when they were shown in the art academy, they were all placed together, and he wanted to get the attention of the crowd

-It was part of a series of 6 foot paintings.

-The artist' father was a land owner

- Constable studied the atmospher

-He did not idealize this place. He loves it so much and found it very beautiful

-This painting was though to be unfinished

-Hannibal is crossing the Alps on an elephant but he is really small and the thing that is powerful and heroic is nature.

-Very loose brush strokes

-ppl saw a comparison between Hannibal and Napoleon

-The ship and the story is ugly while the nature is very beautiful

-This painting is a message to the other countries that haven't abolished slavery yet

- This ship captain had slaves that were sick and he threw them overboard because he would get insurance if they were lost at sea but he wouldn't if they died from illness

-This painting entices us and revolts us at the same time

-You can see feet and hands in the water

-Nature is going to end up killing all these ppl the ones sailing away and the slaves

-The monk is really small and the sky is huge. This is showing the power of nature

-has a sense of the spiritual

-The artist had a friend that would teach sermons by the sea and that is what this painting is inspired by

-This painting is a companion piece to the Abby in the Oak Forest

-Shows the power of the sublime

-our technological advances may make us feel like we have conquered nature, but this painting reminds us that that is not true.

-The abbey is older than the monk and it's crumbling w the monk

-Nature is eternal but man and what he creates will decay and die eventually

-The sun is setting so even the Sun is dying

-The Moon is at its very last stage so it's dying as well

-It's winter and so the trees are dying

-The cross at the bottom reminds us of Christ and His resurrection. This reminds us that the Moon, Sun, and Summer will return.

-This is reminding us that there's hope and that monk will someday be resurrected

-This artist was a student of David

-used a lot of tight brush strokes

-he is a very neoclassical artist but it's very fancy and over the top, which makes it more romantic

-he looks so fancy that he is like a God

-The throne is like a painting of God the Father

-The fabric, rug, robe, etc. are all very fancy

-He was very sought after as a portrait artist.

-He was very naturalistic but he also idealized the figures and made them look very good.

-He is also a student of David- the grouping is very similar

-The architecture is Islamic

-Napoleon is shown as a heroic figure but it's not that simple. He had them poisoned bc they were sick

-He would send back these paintings as propaganda

-The architecture was seen as exotic bc of the orientalism.

-He is touching a man w the plague despite the doctor's warnings. Showing that he is invincible and that he won't catch the disease.

-He is also presenting himself like Christ

-There were 150 ppl on the raft and only 16 ppl survived

-The ship was called the Medusa

-showed romanticism bc of the emotionalism and human suffering

- The captain cut the rope bc the raft was slowing them down

-They were out for a couple of weeks and there was murder, cannibalism, and other horrible things.

-shows the sublime or the power of nature

-The rich ppl got the nicer raft and this one was for the poor ppl

-The artist talked to actual survivors and he got body parts from a morgue and left them on his roof to rot so he could more realistically paint them. He also built a raft

-He wanted to get it very realistic and true to life so that ppl would listen to what he was trying to say

-Has a strong diagonal

-It's a very large painting

-It was painted only 3 years after the event

-They thought they would be rescued during this scene, but the boat left. Eventually it circled around and they were saved

-The Ottomans are attacking the turns

-They killed a lot of ppl and then took the rest into slavery

-The French sided with the Greeks and felt sympathy for them bc they tried to rebel and they weren't successful

-contemporary event

-almost 14 feet

-He started using colored shadows which was new idea

-Her hat is a symbol of freedom

-This is the revolution that is in le Misérables

-This shows that the rich and the poor fought together

-One guy has his night shirt on. He was pulled out of his bed bc soldiers wanted to use him as an example

-It's romantic bc it's dark, dramatic, emotional, and intense

-The outcome of the revolution is not sure yet

-The cobblestones were used to build barricades

-it's moving into the viewer's space

-The violence is shown in an unidealized way

-This is the 1830 revolution

-He is breaking many of the art academy rules

-The brush strokes are very loose

-King Lui bought this painting to show his support of the democracy, but he later returned it bc he thought it was dangerous. Later it was returned to the museum after the ppl rebelled against King Lui

-He was so corrupt and so when the rebels attack, he feels like there's no point to fighting. He has everyone in his palace, including himself, burned to death

-There is no redeeming moral here, just horror

-Everything is writhing. There are a lot of curves and s shapes

-The space is very filled up and busy

-It moves into the viewers face

-

•        French poet and critic Charles Baudelaire argued that the arts should reflect the here-and-now

•        Emphasis on ordinary, everyday, modern experience; neither idealized nor dramatized

•        Championed laborers and common people

-It was not common to paint large genre paintings

-He referred to this painting as his beginning or his manifesto. He said this because he thought that was the perfect example of how a painting should be

-This is considered a genre painting

-This just shows an everyday life funeral. These people actually lived in this town. They were so realistic that you could identify the ppl in the painting

-It was so ordinary that ppl didn't understand why they were supposed to care abt it

-He said "Show me an angel and I'll paint one" -He's saying that he can only paint what he sees

-He submitted it as a history painting because he felt that artists of the current day are the ones who are most capable of painting their own history paintings

Frieze- A horizontal band of figures- this is classic for a ren painting

-The only sense of the divine is the cross

-each figure is treated equally

-The hunting dog is not painted symbolically it's just there bc it's possible that a dog could be there

-There is no clear focal point

-There is a lack of interaction between the figures

-These workers were not at the ideal age to be working

-The background has a lot of detail

-The artist isn't trying to make them look heroic, they are just doing their day to day work

-Shows that the boy is going to be doing this for his whole life until he is as old as his father

-The nature is not dramatized or idealized

-shows the unseen work that it took to make a road

-The artist is depicting the harsh reality of laborers rather then idealizing the working class

-He uses loose and rough brush strokes

-There isn't a clear focal point because he is trying to simply paint the scene

-At age 14 she started painting and drawing- her dad enabled her career bc he was an artist

-She loved painting animals

-After the French Revolution

-The working ppl are coming into power more

-She's very progressive and outspoken for her time

-The working class and the cows are moving towards us kinda saying that these ppl are important now

-Whatever is happening politically, we can find peace in nature and in animals

-Incredibly naturalistic and realistic

-It was hard for her to go into the field w her dress and so she wanted to wear pants, but it was against the law, and she had to ask the police for a license.

-she was very famous and well known in her day

-She inspired a lot of other female artist

-Shows the strength and fertility of the land of France

-There is a real desire during this time to return to the simple life

-

-She is not a goddess, she is just a normal woman. She had clothes and she took them off and she is looking at the viewer. Also the men were clothed

-This was done for the salon of the rejects

-Ppl knew who this woman was. She was his model

-There are places in the painting where it looks unfinished

-They decided not to show at the official exhibition and instead

-did their own thing.

-Ppl thought this painting was really strange or ugly

-The artist is not trying to make them look beautiful, he is just painting them

-This is not a self-contained painting

-It looks like it's just a quick snap shot but the artist actually planed this out and placed the ballerinas very purposefully.

-He is sometimes called an impressionist

-It has an asymmetrical composition which was inspired by the Japanese prints.

-Perspective is being used in kind of a weird way- This is from Japanese prints.

-He loved to paint these ballerinas behind the scene

-very popular and well loved at the time

-He made 30 prints of this in different times of day and different weather conditions

-The wave is very good and it looks like it's coming out at us

-Prussian blue is a European color

-Over 5,000 prints were made of this painting at the time

-This work was made of 9 separate blocks

-Mt Fuji is a sacred and symbolic mountain.

-This is a woodblock print, which made it possible to recreate so many times

-It's very cropped in

-The texture on the wood was very hard to do

-We cannot underestimate the influence that this art had on the world

-Traits that we will see in art from now on:

flat shapes
sharp contours
compressed space
cropping
angles
asymmetry

Color Theories: Optical Blending, Complementary Colors
Leisure Time (upper and upper-middle classes)
Art for Art’s Sake
Communist Manifesto (support of workers’ rights)
Independent Art Shows

*Japan was isolated until the 1850s when trade reopened, leading to a surge in Japanese art’s influence in Europe.

-There is a lot of European influence

-he setting is Philadelphia’s Schuylkill River, and the subject, Max Schmitt, was a friend of Eakins. The artist also included a subtle self-portrait. (he's in the other boat)

-Reflecting both Eakins' personal interest in sports and the contemporary fascination with rowing’s moral and physical virtues, he created 19 such rowing paintings.

-While some critics found the composition scattered, the painting was Eakins' first major success. His signature is humorously hidden on the boat he’s rowing.

-Shows very natural realistic lighting

-He is trying to accurately capture the scene

-He could have shown this guy winning a race but he showed him just going through everyday life

-This was the first painting that he submitted

-He said that it wasn't of a specific place so it was just an impression. He was trying to capture a specific time of day

-He was trying to capture what it felt like to be there rather than exactly what it looked like.

-The public did not like the paintings in this show. The artist's were very poor and no one bought the paintings. But they stuck to what they were doing bc they cared abt what they were trying to say.

-The fact that he did series was inspired by the Japanese woodblock prints

-He painted several large paintings of train stations like this

-Large train stations are very new and modern feeling

-This is not traditional architecture. This was during a time when a lot of the architecture and streets are being rebuilt

-very colorful and wet painting

-Very smokey and so it's hard to see

He is very interested in pure color and pure light rather than being accurate

-He simplified and reduced the human figure a lot

-The humans are not more important than the other details of this painting, which is a new idea

-This is a new visual language

-This is when there was a big mixing of classes bc of the railroad

-He was very interested in the light and the power of the cathedral

-The building changes based on what part of the building are in light and shadow

He painted it cropped, which is like the Japanese woodblock prints.

-The stained glass was very beautiful and there was a lot of colored light on the inside

-When you stand back you can see the cathedral much more clearly

-This is when he started making more money but it took him abt 20 years

-fleeting and momentary scene

-There is a lot of natural interaction among groups

-There is not a clear focal point

-There are a lot of beautiful colors

-fleeting effects of light

-The paint is loose and unfinished

-The 3rd impressionists exhibit was an exhibit that the artists started and did on their own so that they wouldn't be held back by the rules of the official gallery

-This is a large painting as well

-This shows a middle-class celebration

-This breaks the salon rules

-It's a plain air painting

-There are some mixing of the classes

-you can see a top hat in the background which would belong to an upperclassman

-He would have done it in smaller pieces and then he put them together

-They wanted to show what the eye actually sees

-They were very interested in visual truth

Wanted to reform ills of the Industrial Revolution through spirituality and art

Looked to Early Renaissance and Gothic art (art before Raphael) as pure, genuine art

Wanted to depict “truth” by close observation of nature and details

Work is characterized by rich, pure color on a white ground; also included symbolism

Looked to literature for subject matter, especially Shakespeare, the Bible, and Arthurian legends and they also painted contemporary scenes like everyone else

*They didn't like Raphael and they were inspired by Jan van Eyck

-They felt that Raphael was to refined

· Escaping modernity

· What do the Post-Impressionists share in common with the Impressionists? Where do they vary?

-the forms are more defined

-These are friends of the artist

-The girl w the dog is the artists girlfriend and he eventually marries her

-This is a happy scene where it feels like life is good

-There are a lot of flirtatious glances

-The light is so beautiful

-You can feel the painting and almost hear the clinking of the glasses and the laughter

-The figures are more solid but the object around them are still incredably loose

-There is a pyramidal structure and it creates an illusion of space

-There is not direct sunlight bc of the canopy

-This creates a pink haze

-he's starting to give some stronger more classical lines

- the woman is holding her glass up to her mouth

-The top hat again shows a mixing of the classes

-The light keeps it feeling very impressionist

-He had a big family and had a very hard time financially. He didn't really make it until his 60's

-He was the only impressionist that submitted in all 8 of their art shows

-bc he was poor, he lived out in the country. He painted the poor class more often. So he was kind of a realist in this way

-The pathway climbing up the painting is inspired by Japanese woodprints.

-It also feels a little flat

-The impressionists were very open to letting women participate

-She married Edouard Manet's brother

-She often painted women

-This painting was in the impressionists exhibit for a few years before it was bought

-The new mom is watching over her baby

-The painting was unknown and recognized during her time

-She didn't have access to public spaces, so they painted scenes that were more close to home

-This is the artist's sister and her child

-This sister took art lessons with her and she stopped when she became a mother

-The gauzy veil is very beautiful

-This is considering the important responsibilities of motherhood and the beauty of it

-The middle class family is more respected and held in higher importance. This is shown by the veil hiding the baby and the mother covered by the cradle

-This pose looks very protective

-The brush strokes are very loose and rough

-The brush strokes create the texture

-Here fingers are foreshortened

-color and light because they aren't using black

-They are capturing the feeling or the vibe of the scene

-They use very bright highlights

-snapshot in time- the figures aren't carefully posed

-they are cropped in

-leisure time of the middle and upper-middle classes

-everyday subjects

-outdoor scenes

-capturing times of day and year

-This scene feels very intimate and personal

-It's a very tactile experience for the figures

-The mother seems to be mid-speech

-The child is leaning back and the mother is holding her

-Their attention is very focused on the basin and what they are doing

-We are looking down in a way that we would be looking at in real life

-This makes their faces and the basin appear very distorted

-Her parents were not very supportive. They said that she should paint as a hobby. They took a while but eventually they let her paint more seriously.

-Her mother and sister eventually decided to take her to Paris and eventually her father joined them and they all lived in Paris.

-She submitted to the traditional salons and art shows

-The impressionists invited her to join their group

-bc of the restrictions that were on women her paintings are all in doors

-The hands are doing similar things

-she made prints that looked like Japanese prints

-It's a very lavish space

-The opera house is a very good example of this

-This painting is unique bc it shows the figure very engaged in looking

-You can also see a figure in the background looking at her

-and we are looking at her just like him

-This woman, Marry Cassatt is an impressionist and we see her at the opera where she can be fully involved despite the fact that she was a woman. In other places she wasn't able to participate and fully

-This woman has real agency

-There is something very strong about her

-He was interest the female gaze

-It has a similar snap shot style painting to the other impressionists

-She was in 4 of the impressionists exhibits

-The woman who is painted is a higher class woman

-Woman were usually the ones looked at and this woman is doing the looking

-It's very cropped in which follows the tradition of woodblock prints

 Reaction to Industrial Revolution and mass production of items with poor quality

William Morris started a company that made items for homes emphasizing craftsmanship and truth to materials

Nature was an important inspiration

-It was inspired by nature but nature that had been abstracted into curved organic lines

-This painting is showing a newness that was supposed to show a falseness

-All of these nice new things were bought for this woman by this man to create a space that he could escape to

-She is being taken advantage of by a higher class man this was a classic narrative of a country woman going into the city and losing her innocence

-The man is playing the piano and he unknowingly plays her a song that reminds her of her childhood and of her value and innocence. This shows the moment of her awakening conscience

-This is an artificial place and it is not real

-The nature that she is looking at, which symbolizes the spiritual

-The artist was very religious, and he was interested in these moments of conversion

-The woman is sitting up away from the man, and he symbolizes the darkness and the reason for her moral fall or transgression

-This shows how God can come to us at unexpected moments

-The person who causes her fall is also the one who triggers her repentance

-He understood that the elements in the room have another meaning

-She's wearing her underslip so she is partially unclothed

-She's going towards the light in the corner

-The detail is very different from impressionists

-The Pre-Raphaelites wanted to strip away the traditions of painting that had accumulated since the Renaissance period and Raphael.

-Christ is a child and he wounded himself and Mary is comforting him. This is foreshadowing the cross

-This is not showing an idealized scene

-ppl felt like they were not showing Christ respectfully enough. It made ppl mad at the time it was painted

-ppl thought that is was very ugly and hard

-The carpenter's triangle is the trinity

-The ladder is often seen at scenes at the cross

-There is a dove which symbolizes the Holy Ghost

-This is a more modern carpenter's shop

-They are trying to throw away the ideals of painting

-The shop is messy, realistic and the figures aren't idealized either

-You can see the dirty feet that people hated

-Charles Dickens did not like this piece and he talked about how hideous it was

-It looks like an Early Renaissance composition

-He had a company that made all of these handmade objects

-his designs are still very popular today

-bc it’s night you can really see anything besides the beautiful fireworks

Nocturne- a term that comes from musical compositions that evoke nighttime and are inspired by the evening

-Night was very interesting bc it showed the new power of light bulbs and fireworks

-The fact that this painting is very loose and messy made some ppl mad

-He even went to court w a critic bc he said that Whistler was flinging art a ppl’s faces and making them pay him.

-This painting didn’t take very much time, but it was philosophically important

-It is similar to Japanise style paintings. They also depicted fireworks

-This painting is an example of art for art’s sake. It doesn’t have any strong subject matter or narrative

-The painting mixed Gilded Age status symbolism with seductive aesthetics, while incorporating classical elements like a Greek-inspired hairstyle and a crescent symbol of Diana.

-Despite initial criticism, the painting ultimately showcased Sargent’s skill, leading to a successful portrait career in Britain and America.

-Though widely traveled, Sargent considered himself an American artist, painting expatriates and working on major U.S. commissions, including a Boston Public Library mural.

-Once condemned, Madame X was later celebrated as a masterpiece, purchased by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1916, highlighting how societal tastes shape an artwork’s legacy.

-Everyone knew who this woman was and she was known to be scandalous

-This woman looks almost like a sculpture

-he was known for making his sitters look good

-There is a lot of repetition of form and light in this canvas

-The parts that you would expect to be illuminated are not

-The canvas is very flat showing the influence of Japanese prints

-The nature is the most important subject of the painting

-The children are not the most important part of the painting

-Usually the faces are the focal point but that is not the case in this painting. The lights are actually brighter than the children

-This is art for arts sake

-This painting is about painting

-This is a very fleeting scene

-The children's thoughtfulness draws us in and causes us to ponder with them

-He made this after everyone was freaking out about his last painting

-He only painted at this specific time of day. So he only painted for 15 min while the light was just right.

-He showed art with the impressionists but he was doing something different than the Impressionists

-Paul said that he wanted to make impressionism solid and enduring. He wanted it to be more like the art in museums

- He is sometimes known as the father of modern art

-rather than being realistic he is making his own style

-Spatial ambiguity is a quality of a lot of his paintings.

- There's overlap and some shading but the perspective is not accurate

-He knew how to paint correctly and he decided to paint this way. He liked changing where he stood while he was painting and that's why it is a weird perspective

-He was also very interested in light

-Unlike the impressionists he would work on a painting for many years

-It doesn't have very much depth

-It's very inspired by Japanese woodblock prints in a lot of ways.

-There are patchy brush strokes

-The goal isn't to convince you that you are there he wants you to see that this is a painting

-this painting was made in the last few years of his life

-He isn't as worried about creating an accurate illusion of space

-Cezanne is the beginning of cubism

-He treated every part of the landscape in the same way

-He wanted to see and call attention to the fact that he was painting on a flat surface

-Now that we have photography he is exploring the other things that we can do besides just capture what we see

-His science was about how to mike a painting appear more luminous and bright. Our eyes see a combination of light. He took red and blue and put them next to each other rather then mixing colors.

-He is trying to capture natural light just like the impressionists

-He wanted his paintings to feel more thoughtful

-He also tried to create an illusion of space

-The way the figures are very vertical and stiff makes it seem very classical

-He died very young at age 31

-He submitted in the final 8th impressionist show

-No one knew who he was but after this show, everyone did bc it was very popular

-His specific style is called Neo-Impressionism, Pointillism, and Divisionism.

-They had a similar interest in the color of light and shadow, plain air painting, they still love the subject of leisure time

-The biggest difference is the loose brush strokes and the fleeting moments in time.

-There's a mixing of the classes

-the woman w her big dress is an upper-class prostitute

-These paintings don't have a clear story which was a new idea

-This guy was very short bc he was crippled

-He liked Paris's social life. He died at a young age of alcoholism

-He spent time in more seedy bars

-He is hidden in the background of this painting

-This still has some impressionism qualities: social scene, colors of light, flat, cropped in.

-He's trying to capture gas light and he exaggerates it. That's why the woman's face is green. The gas lights would reflect green

-the woman was a famous dancer

-the woman sitting with red hair is also a famous dancer

- The artist is following degas style of art

-You can feel a sense of rhythm in the way that ppl are grouped

-The yellow shapes are gas lights

-The repeated names give a sense of the rhythm and the consistent beat.

-He isn't trying to depict this in an idealistic way

-The woman dancing created the can can

-She would drink out of other ppls drinks and her name is Lousie. Her nickname is glutten

-He tried many careers before he was an artist. He had many failures until he started painting

-He got to see the very last show of Impressionism

-He went to the south of France because it was more peaceful and away from Paris

-Van Gough was very moody and hard to live w. Only one artist stayed with him and when that artist left Van Gough cut off his ear

-He wanted us to feel the tension and the uncomfort of this bar

-No one is having a good time and it gives a feeling of loneliness

-he painted gas lights as well

-This wasn't a scene that he was looking at. It resembles a scene from his childhood home

-Cyprus trees symbolized hope. They pointed to the heavens

-The bottom of the tree is cut off which gives us the feeling that it's close to us

-There is some exposed canvas in some places

-The sky feels like it's in movement

-He was dreaming of unity and harmony

-there's a feeling that this town is in perfect harmony with nature

-There were times in his life when he was very religious and very spiritual

-he painted very thickly

-He was in 4 of the impressionist shows

-He wanted to get out of Paris like Van Gogh. He wanted to find a simpler way of life

-He went to the French coast of Brittany and he painted peasants.

-This is supposed to be more simple then naturalistic.

-The peasants are leaving church and this is a vision that they have from the sermon. This is Jacob wrestling with the angel.

-inspired by Japanese prints

-he was looking at a lot of non-traditional art like medieval art

-He wanted to do more than just paint from nature

-This isn't purely a religious painting, it is a painting depicting people having a spiritual experience

-He wanted to create the same type of mood that Edward Allen Poe created with his writing.

-this is a litho graph

-It feels very psychological

-He did a type of reverse shading

-He outlined things with light

-He was admired for his naive or childlike approach to painting

-The way he painted created this dream like quality

-it feels very flat as well

-Klimt was Austrian

-He was also inspired by Japanese wood prints

-Critiques talk about how this woman brings your downfall

-Students see this as the complete union of marriage

-The vines growing around them show that it's not this fleeting moment

-She has curves and flowers, He has geometric shapes

-It shows how passion can be dangerous as well

-the painting is almost a perfect square

-he is using gold similar to renaissance art.

-His neck is very big and strong showing the strength of the man

-It's almost like it gives you a feeling like you are an angel as well.

-The city in the background is bethlehem

-He has seen impressionism but he is capturing a spiritual visionary scene

-In America he was known as the an African American artist and in Paris he was known as the american artist

-ppl of the time saw a relationship between his way of sculpting with the style of loose brush strokes

-based on the story from the city of caley with is in France

-The city council wanted to make a sculpture in honor of a story that had happened in their city

-England had a sedge on the city and they said they would let them go if they gave up their 6 leaders and these are the 6 leaders.

-The leaders were called Burghers

-They wanted one heroic figure and he didn't do that. He gave them 6 figures and he didn't make them look particularly heroic.

-in the end their lives were saved and they didn't have to die

-This scene is from when they didn't know that

-This sculpture is loved bc of the emotion that it shows

-It's advertising a publishing company

-you can see the influence of Japanese prints

-you can also see the influence of medieval art as well

-He went to Tahiti for 6 years. He wanted to find an uncivilized place but it was already pretty civilized when he got there

-This is a large painting

-He was constantly looking for new inspiration in art

-He was looking at oceanic art and art from the pacific islands.

-

-Japanese prints also inspire him

-This is very introspective

-He was looking at nature when he painted it

-This painting was done when he was trying to capture this moment of intense anxiety when he was outside looking at the red sky

-The sky was red because of a volcano

-The scream is capturing a mental scream

-He used pastel and oil

-He created a lot of different versions like black and white etc.

Breaking rules

Looking for new inspiration: African Art, Cycladic Art, Folk Art, children’s art, stained glass

-It's like the wing, it reminds us of a fast take off, or a feather, or aerodynamic

-The artist is being inspired by art from ancient times. He was looking at Cycladic art, African art, folk art, children's art, etc.

-This art was new and expressive to them

-He is changing the traditional jobs that color usually has. He is using color in a new expressionist way.

-Cezzanna and Gougan inspired him

-The artist is trying to flatten the space

-He wanted to paint the joys of life

-The most important part of his paintings was the back which is very interesting

-He used his disabilities and still made very cool things. He was in a wheelchair

-it functions as a self-portrait. These are his works of art

-there is no naturalistic light

-the objects you can see is the underpainting.

-he painted red up to the objects

-Pictorial space- the space represented in the image

-there are orthogonal lines (imaginary lines that lead to a vanishing point) so there is an illusion of space

-there are curving lines which adds a little bit of calming

-this talk about what it means to create a painting

-He tries to paint like a child

-This painting shocked everyone. It breaks a lot of rules

-It appears very confrontational

-You can't tell where they are in the space and in the room

-These figures aren't drawn in a beautiful feminine way

-There isn't a linear perspective

-He was inspired by African, Siberian, and oceanic art

-He also was inspired by Cezanne

-The nude woman is usually shown as beautiful but this is shown as powerful and maybe even scary

-he is a Spanish artist

-the nude style references classical paintings but the way that he does it completely rebels against that

-shows references to African art in the women's faces

-They had to go outside Western tradition to express how they felt about the modern world

-

-Analytical is about breaking individual pieces and then bringing them back together

-They want us to focus on the actual form of the piece rather then just looking at it

-They tried not to use to much color because they didn't want to distract them

-For these artists abstract art was not about being expressive. They wanted to be analytical

-this is kind of like a puzzle that has been put together out of order

-it depicts form over time, shows movement

-there is some illusion of space still

-He used the type of paper that had a sticky back and he would put them together.

-He hand-painted the wood texture to make it look like the sticky paper that you could but instead of just buying it.

-It's like he's playing a game with us

-The note's don't make sense if people can't read music. That's the same with French. He's saying that they are just abstract symbols just like art.

-

-There was a very strong sense of nationalism in Germany at the time

-Artist appears to be inspired by Van Gogh

-also feel similar to the scream

-Talks about Urban alienation. Big crowd but everyone is isolated in their own world.

-The artist is not trying to paint things in a beautiful way

-He is an expressionist artist

-He took apart ideas of morality

-These women are prostitutes in the male gaze

-the only way that you can tell it's a city is by the amount of ppl. They create an illusion of space

-there aren't any actual buildings

-You can see that in the way that this painting feels very claustrophobic

-This is a prostitution scene

-Talk about how everything is for sale

-His subject isn't a city it is a person's physiological experience in the city

looking for spirituality and “universal truths;”

Abstract art vs. non-objective art, non-narrative art, non-representational art

-They had an annual year book and they put their art in there as well as the art that inspired them. They put indian work, folk art, children art, stained glass, etc.

Like music painting can signify and symbolize deeper meaning, he also talked about Synesthesia which is the idea that you can hear color and see music. He wants us to look at his paintings and actually hear something.

What is new about his use of line and color?

This is color for colors sake and line for lines sake. He is using it to create that feeling of music.

 What was Kandinsky trying to express in Improvisation 28?

This painting would sound loud, chaotic ,and exciting. This would be the dramatic and loud moment of the song. Soon after this painting was made we had the 1st world war and there was growing worry about that violence. This painting is not completely abstract. It is abstracted from nature. This is called an abstract painting. He was worried that if you could recognize things to quickly you would only process it with your rational mind and you wouldn’t emotionally process it.

There is a mountain with buildings on the top that hint at Jerusalem. People have thought that these paintings are about the apocalypse. There is a wave that it like the flood from the Old Testament.

-He is one of the first to cross over to abstract art but he is not the first. Klimt is more likely to be the first

-The improvisation is the name of a composition

-

-This painting is about the splitting of the Atom

-Before we could split an atom everyone knew that Atoms were the smallest thing. Now that is not true and that makes any truth feel a little less certain for a bit. This relates to how everyone thought art had to be done one way and he is going to break away from that

-Abstract isn't the best way to describe this. Abstraction is changing something that is there

-Some better words are non-objective, non-narrative, non-representational

-He's abstract but not non-objective

-He felt that art should be innocent and childlike. He felt like we should go back to our imagination and that art should include something magical and inspire the magic within us

-The half moon is a symbol of Islamic faith

-he's referring to something divine in nature

-We can hear the birds chirping

-He's using watercolor, w gwash, an oils transfer and pen. More non-traditional methods

-reminds you of a coco clock

-their tongs are showing the type of sound the are making

-

-you can see the effect of cubism in this

-They were very extremist and radical. They wanted to burn down the old buildings to they could escape from the past that they felt everyone was clinging to

-This sculpture depicts motion in a beautiful way

-They also wanted war to come bc they felt like that would further the future

-This painting reminds us of past works as well in the way that it depicts motion

-The female figure was often objectified and used for beauty but instead, this is a more mechanical study of the movement of the woman going down the stairs rather than an attempt to capture beauty.

-By doing this, he is rebelling from the traditional forms of art in more ways than just appearance

- He had mixed feelings about technology

-the critiques of france didn't like it but americans liked it bc it symbolised the modern.

-The response later became more positive but at first everyone mocked it

-It reminds us of a lot of possible objects and we are supposed to see a lot of different forms

-In this village the animals and humans lived together

-There is an eye from the peasant to the cow showing the connection that these ppl had with animals

-The tree of life is at the bottom

-he gives you a sense of Russia at the top

-He went to Mexico for refuge during world war II

-He's breaking up the pains with cubism, there's colors of Fauvism

-He missed his girlfriend that was in this village

-The line from the goat to the human shows how they are connected

-there is a disregard to gravity. Some of the houses are upside down

-the circles could show the harmony of the universe

-the shadows make it feel kind of earie

-the columns could be the french artist giving an ode to his home

-maybe the street feels very empty because the start of world war 1 which happens at this time

-In the corner of our house is where you put a religious icon and he put the square there which was very political. It showed his favor for the Russian Revolution. He felt that there was a huge inequality to the rich and the poor and he felt like it could improve things.

-He wanted to make art that was not elitist and art that was for the people and that everyone could understand.

-He wanted it to be accessible and even spiritual

-The squares are full of texture and they are very painterly

-He wanted to convey the sensation and feeling of flight and motion

-He wasn't just trying to be different he wanted this to convey meaning and it can be hard to see

-This type of art was born during world war 1

-This is a very utopian painting because artists and art could pave the way a more peaceful future

-This is a return to pure geometric shapes

-It asks us to look closely

-They were trying to show space w/o the traditional Renaissance methods

-This painting shows 2, 3, and 4 dimensions all at the same time

- This time is momentary bc stallion will come in and change everything

-he didn't like how his art was going so he tore it apart and threw it on the ground. He looked at it and said that's it, that's what I'm trying to say.

-

-R. Mutt somes from the pluming company that he got this urnal from

-the social historical context is so important to understanding this painting.

-the world is turned upside down and makes no sense. How could he make beautiful and flowering art in the midst of the chaos around him. It is more truthful to also make absurd art.

-bc the world is turned upside down my art is turned upside down

-the original fountain was lost and he signed 3 more additions of this work.

-It's like the dada poems. They strip the very thing that makes poetry- words. This strips the very thing that makes art.

-this artist was apposed to the German government around him

-He took the head of a dummy and he stuck stuff to his head

-shows the Germans obsession to being very precise

-this is how he feels about German people in general. He feels that the German have ideas on the outside of their head but that there is nothing on the inside.

- You can tell that she doesn't agree w the government

-the machinery is parts of weapons and tanks

-in the anti dada words are by the government leaders and by the words dada we have the artists

-she was not allowed into the German art academy because she was a woman

-she wanted her art to be opposite to the art that was done in the academies

-she suffered a lot in world war 1 bc her son lied abt his age and went to war. He died in the first week he was gone

-this is very flat

-they look like biomorphic forms, like they could shift shape at any moment

-

-Art is never real

-It is realistic painting but it is about abstract art and ideas

-He painted the eye painting and it talks about some similar ideas

-The eye can only see what's on the surface

-The cliffs are based off of the Mediterranean coast

-The sea is frozen and it's not moving

-The ants are swarming on the clock

-The form on the ground looks like a horse, face, etc.

-Time is very rational but other times it can feel very irrational. Our concept of time is skewed

-It's a very small painting

-It camptures the emotions of pain and destruction

-You completely change the object when you put 2 things together

-everyone looks at this and imagines the experience of putting that spoon and cup to their lips.

-This is where the crib mobiles were invented

-This mobile is huge and it takes up a bunch of space

-It is all very carefully balanced and it moves

-This doesn't perfectly match the sculpture

-He liked the simplification of shapes and he would make reclining figures and they were usually woman

-This is a very rough finished wood and it reminded of the rough rolling hill from where he grew up

-The waviness feels very organic

-It stands for mother earth or the goddess fertility

-He also sculpted families

-He made a lot of money but he lived frugally and he put his money into a foundation to help young artists

Dutch movement

Sought to create utopian environment through geometric abstraction

Sought universal order that would make nationalism obsolete

Also called International Style and Neo-Plasticism

-He didn't just paint squares

-He slowly evolved to his signature style. He wasn't just trying to find a way to make cheap art

-He wanted to show universal truth in his work

-He wanted to show big ideas like the fact that there are rules and order in space and that there is balance and harmony

-He had seen the destruction of world war 1 and he had seen how nationalism had lead to war and violence

-He wanted ppl to be international and he felt that art could do that

-If we focus on shapes only than the world would be simplified

-w/o the yellow rectangle, this composition isn't very good and balanced

-Gerrit Rietveld joined this movement and he wanted to bring the style into everyday life. He made chairs, a house, etc.

-She was influenced by photography

-During this time artists started doing the close-ups that you could get using photography

-bc it's so close up it almost becomes abstract

-New Yorkers are so busy that no one has time to stop and see a flower so she made them so blown up that they would have to stop and see the flowers

-She still holds the record for woman

-She loved painting this mountain

-he wanted to capture the color and energy of the city

-This is capturing the feeling of the city rather then what it looked like

-The vertical lines throughout the painting makes it feel very classical

-The way it's painted show that these ppl are very neat, crisp, and sharp.

-There are very serious and sad looking

-These are hard working ppl

-They are probably very frugal

-These are prolly their best clothes

-Everything is very clean and tidy

-They have this protest and work ethic

-The Gothic arch in this window and the cross is hidden in the painting all over

-The steeple on their house shows their religion as well

-This is the artists dentist that he asked to be the model and the woman is his sister

-Simplification can really pack a punch

-he used tempera paint instead of oil, so it wouldn't blend as well

-comes from a series of 60 works

-They are very journalistic and objective

-This is talking about racism and Segregation towards African Americans

-The facts aren't emotionalized, they aren't all negative or positive

-This particular work is showing how their education is better, and bc of this, they grew mentally

-

-this is an age of mural painting

-they felt that art was very elite and they wanted to bring their art to the ppl

-This isn't a mural

-this is a worker carrying a beautiful burden

-the forms are very simplified

-He didn't want it to look European

-she had many surgeries and she was often bed ridden and her family put a mirror above her bed and she would paint self portraits

-at this point she was divorced

-the one holding the locket his holding a picture of him and she is wearing more traditional peasant clothing which is what he liked her to wear and she would have stood out

-The other frida is wearing what was traditional for her mothers heritage and she is cutting of the vein

-

-You can see feelings of agony, horror, death, etc.

-You can see a dead baby and a mother crying out in pain

-The bird is the dove of peace, and it has fallen

-The bull was a symbol of Natzi forces

-The horse was a symbol of the innocent ppl

-The electric light shows how technology is a huge part of this violence. It's black and white bc he didn't want colors to distract from what he's trying to say.

-It also represents how he read this story in the news. You can see some of the paper has text on it like a news paper.

-they aren't looking at each other in the eye

-there is no door for you to go in to join them

-the colors feel a little unnatural

-It makes you feel like it's to late at night

-reminds you of van Gogh's night cafe

-It caught politicians attention and this is when ppl started actually helping the migrants

-Grain elevator

-This is a time of plenty

-Right before the great depression

-My Egypt is foreshadowing to the great depression bc of the grain stored before the famine (but he didn't know the great depression was going to come)

-This grain elevators are like the modern day pyramids

-soft-edged, atmospheric feeling

-he wanted his paintings to make you feel something and to take you into another world

-He wanted to express basic human experiences

-ppl would break down and cry when they looked at his paintings

-he wanted you to get up really close and to be enveloped by the painting

-they usually have a huge scale

-they don't show a lot of gesture

-they aren't representational

- She is using thinned oil paint

-She would pour it on there and then she would move the canvas around

-She never touched her brush onto the canvas

-She invited a lack of control into her process

-She was very bold in her art style which was not common from women during this time

-She would paint them a solid color and this one was painted black

-she celled this one sky cathedral

-she had the gallery dim the light and she wants it to feel like dusk

-It's painted on a real bed

-the dripping paint is almost making fun of Jackson Pollock

-His realism is that he is making his art out of the real world.

-He says you think this is a flag but this is not a flag

-Flags are completely flat and he stacked 3 canvases and he painted w think paint using wax to make it look very textured

-They are canvases and so this flag can't be used as an actual flag

-it's impossible to climb around in here and be polite

-it looks very cool from an overhead view

-Sometimes he would change the composition

-He is questioning the idea that there is low art and high art

-He didn't put art on a traditional canvas and thats how he broke the rules

-He carefully painted these straight lines

-Why does he give us this complect title if we are just supposed to look at it

-He didn't even make them

-He just told the museum how he wanted it to be set up

-He said that art just needs to look interesting

-the simplicity and satisfying order catches ppls attention

-In a crazy chaotic world it's nice to find something simple

-This work was monumental and it took a bunch of work

-He had to get city permits and permission from private land owners

-He hired workers to help him install it

-Millions ppl went and saw it for the 2 weeks

-Now the work lives on through video and photography

-He's from Bulgaria

-He spent 2 million dollars install it

-A lot of ppl didn't think that this work was art

-He had to convince everyone to let him install it and they all had a change of heart

-She found a 1000 woman from art history that have been ignored

-She gave 39 important woman and seat at the table

-There are also names of woman written in tile

-She made table runners bc woman were always encouraged to do that

-This is a collaborative work, she had a bunch of woman help her finish it

-There's abstract female genitilia depicted in an abstract way which gathered a lot of attention

-Each state shows things that are classical to that state

-This is a permanent instillation

-When ur in there you can't really see the floor and it feels like you are just hanging out in space

(two branches—Action Painting and Color Field Painting):

-Influenced by Surrealism

-Art about emotion, myth, universal forces

-Brought attention to the paint on the canvas (rather than hiding)

-Brought NYC to the center of the art world

-Reaction to elitism of Abstract Expressionism; unemotional
-Similar to Dada in love of ready-made, common objects

-Sought a mass-produced look—accessible

-Interested in mass media and pop culture

-Improvisation; unpredictable

-He was shot down in world war 2 and was saved in some sort of a weird way

-He would cover his face in honey and gold

-He would walk around the museum and mutter to this rabbit about what art means

-It was kind of strange and random

-He also thought that art should be easier to understand and that we shouldn't need someone to explain what it means to us

-What you see is what you see- Frank Stella

-denial of meaning

-Reduced to most basic parts

-Minimalism has been a long time coming

-Interactive

-Out of the gallery—less elitist

-Not collectable

-She took an old stereotype of black slave workers and she fought against that

-She wanted to fight against the idea that black women were happy raising white ppls children and making pancakes

-The woman is armed w a granade and a gun

-she said that she didn't like violence but she needed to be seen

-These rooms are all inclusive experiences

-Not collectable

-Abstract expressionism became the expectable style very quickly even though it was rejected at first.

-Because of this the next generation went against that.