Unit 2: Pharmacology Discussion by Cyn Torreya Smith https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4 Questions: 1-7 en-us 2022-06-22 20:39:25 UTC 2025-11-12 18:34:27 UTC hello@padlet.com ANS Divisions cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228178582 The two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System includes the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems. Other names for the Sympathetic Nervous System is called, "Fight or Flight" and "Adrenergic". Other names for the Parasympathetic Nervous System is called, "Rest and Digest" and "Cholinergic".

- information source: Hitner, Henry, and Barbara T. Nagle. Pharmacology: An Introduction. , 2004. Online Book. (p.60,63)

]]> 2022-06-22 21:01:38 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228178582 NT in 2 Divisions cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228185315 Parasympathetic System ("Cholinergic Receptors")
-1. Acetylcholine (ACH)
Sympathetic System ("Fight, Firght, Flight")
- 1. Acetylcholine (ACH)
- 2. Norepinephrine (NE)
- 3. Epinephrine (EPI)
- 4. Dopamine (DA)

-Information source: Hitner , Henry, and Barbara T. Nagle. Pharmacology: An Introduction. , 2004. Online Book. (p.63)
- Information source: Unit 2 ANS Part 1 & 2 Powerpoint]]> 2022-06-22 21:18:13 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228185315 Locations of Neurotransmitters cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228193792 Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Acetylcholine (ACH): located at the ends of the ganglia and postganglionic nerve endings
Sympathetic Nervous System
- Acetylcholine (ACH): located at the ganglia
- Norepinephrine (NE): located at the postganglionic nerve endings
- Epinephrine (EPI): located in the medulla
- Dopamine (DA): located in the adrenergic nerve

Information source: Hitner, Henery, and Barbara T. Nagle. Pharmacology: An Introduction. , 2004. Online Book (p.63-65)]]> 2022-06-22 21:37:25 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228193792 Receptors of The ANS Division cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228205347 Sympathetic:
- Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors: located on glands, smooth muscle, eyes (iris), arteries, and veins
- Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors: Adrenergic never ending
- Beta-1 receptors: located on the heart
- Beta-2 receptors: located in the smooth muscle of coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels and bronchiolar smooth muscle
Parasympathetic-
- 1. Muscarinic: located on cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands
-2. Nicotinic-1 (Nn): located at the ganglia of parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves
-3. Nicotinic-2 (Nm): located on cell membranes of skeletal muscle 

Information source: Hitner, Henry, and Barbara T. Nagl., Pharmacology: An Introductio., 2004. Ebook (p.71)


]]> 2022-06-22 22:05:25 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228205347 End Organ Responses cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228209104 ACH (sympathetic):
- Adrenal medulla: Releases epinephrine (EPI)
- Arteries: Vasoconstriction
- Heart: Increases in heart rate, contractility, and AV conduction
- Intestines/GI tract/Secretions: Decreased
- Pupil (eye): Dilates (mydriasis)
- Lower respiratory passage: Bronchodilation
- Urinary bladder: Relaxation
- Urinary sphincter: Contracts
ACH (parasympathetic):
- Eye muscle: miosis
- Heart: decreases heart rate
- Lungs: Bronchoconstriction
- GI Tract/secretions: increased
- Urinary Tract: contracts
EPI:
- Uterus: relaxes smooth muscle
- Bronchiolar smooth muscle: promotes bronchodilation
- Veins/Arteries: vasconstriction
- Eye muscle: pupil dilation
-Blood Vessels: vasodilation
Heart: increases heart rate, contraction, and Av conduction
NE:
- Ateries/Veins: vasoconostriction
- Eye muscle: pupil dilation
- Heart: increases heart rate, contraction, and AV conduction
-GI tract/secretions: decreased
-Urinary bladder: no contraction
*** Doesn't stimulate beta-2 receptors
DA (Dopamine):
** Converts into NE

- information: ANS Powerpoint P 1 and 2]]> 2022-06-22 22:13:52 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228209104 Sympathetic Drug Classifications cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228216638 2022-06-22 22:29:26 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228216638 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228223451 1) Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists
• Receptor: stimulates alpha-1
• MOA: contracts smooth muscle, blood vessels constrict = increase in blood pressure. Vasconstriction of nasal passage = decongestant effect

]]> 2022-06-22 22:43:55 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228223451 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228224128 2) Adrenergic Agonists
•Receptor: Stimulates all alpha and beta receptors
• MOA: Vasopressor (vasoconstriction = increases blood pressure), cardiac stimulant, and bronchodilator ]]> 2022-06-22 22:45:47 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228224128 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228224837 3) Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking Drugs
•Receptor: binds to alpha-1 and blocks them
•MOA: relaxes smooth muscle, smooth muscle located in the uterus, increases urine flow, vasodilation of blood vessels = decreases blood pressure]]> 2022-06-22 22:47:29 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228224837 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228226640 4) Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists
•Receptor: Varies on dose amount (DA, Beta-1, or Alpha-2)
• Low Dose MOA: stimulates dopamine receptors in kidneys = vasodilation and increased renal blood flow
• Moderate Dose MOA: stimulates beta-1 receptors in the heart = increases contraction and cardiac output
• High Dose MOA: stimulates alpha-1 receptors (BV) = Vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure ]]> 2022-06-22 22:50:34 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228226640 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228227265 5) Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists
•Receptor: stimulates beta-2
•MOA: relaxes lung smooth muscle = bronchodilation, and smooth muscle of uterus]]> 2022-06-22 22:52:07 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228227265 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228227693 6) Selective Beta-1 Blockers
• Receptor: blocks Beta-1
• MOA: decreases contraction, cardiac output, heart rate, conduction, and blood pressure]]> 2022-06-22 22:53:19 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228227693 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228228657 7) Non-Selective Beta Blockers
• Receptor: blocks beta 1 and beta 2
• MOA: decreases contraction, cardiac output, heart rate, conduction, blood pressure, and can cause bronchoconstriction]]> 2022-06-22 22:55:24 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228228657 Parasympathetic Drug Classifications cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228228861 2022-06-22 22:55:59 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228228861 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228228971 1) Direct- Acting Cholinergic Agents (Parasympathomimetics)
• Receptor: binds and stimulates to muscarinic
• MOA: mimics ACH

]]> 2022-06-22 22:56:12 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228228971 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228232550 2) Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists (Parasympathomimetics)
• Receptor: All cholinergic receptor sites
• MOA: Inhibits aceytlcholinesterase enzyme; Accumulation of ACH occurs]]> 2022-06-22 23:04:58 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228232550 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228234797 3) Anticholinergics (Parasympatholytics)
• Receptor: binds to cholinergic receptor
• MOA: Acts as a blocking drug; competitive antagonism ]]> 2022-06-22 23:09:45 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228234797 Skeletal Muscle Relaxants Drug Classification cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228244156 2022-06-22 23:26:33 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228244156 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228245793 1) Peripherally Acting (Depolarizing)
• Receptor: combines with Nicotinic-Muscle Receptors (Nm)
• MOA: Causes ACH not to combine with receptors and prevents depolarization from happening]]> 2022-06-22 23:29:28 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228245793 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228247620 2) Peripherally Acting (Non-depolarizing Agents)
• Receptors: Binds to Nicotinic-muscle receptors (Nm)
• MOA: inhibits muscle contractions by: 1) Succinlycholine binds to Nm receptors and induces depolarization and 2) Succinlycholine alters Nm receptors to respond to ACH stimulation ]]> 2022-06-22 23:33:02 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228247620 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228251723 3) Peripherally Acting (Direct-Acting)
• Receptor: binds to ACH
• MOA: inhibits skeletal muscle fiber contractions by messing with calcium ion release. Prevents actin and myosin from interacting with each other = no muscle contraction. ]]> 2022-06-22 23:40:34 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228251723 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228257545 4) Centrally Acting
• Receptors: GABA receptors interacts with GABA(a) and GABA(b)
• MOA: Spastic contraction of skeletal muscle in response to overexertion, trauma, and nervous tension.  ]]> 2022-06-22 23:50:11 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228257545 Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228260819 1) ephedrine
2) phenylephrie (Neo-Synephrine®)]]> 2022-06-22 23:55:06 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228260819 Adrenergic Agonists cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228261090 1) epinephrine (Adrenalin®)]]> 2022-06-22 23:55:33 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228261090 Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228261977 1)  prazosin (Minipress®)
2) terazosin (Hytrin®)
3) dxazosin (Cardura®)]]> 2022-06-22 23:56:57 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228261977 Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonist cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228262174 1) dobutamine]]> 2022-06-22 23:57:16 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228262174 Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonist cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228264469 1) formoterol (Foradil®)
2) albuterol (Proventil®/Ventolin®)
3) terbutaline (Brethine®)]]> 2022-06-23 00:00:51 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228264469 Beta Blocker cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228265800 Nonselective
- nadolol (Corgard®)
- propranolol (Inderol®)
- timolol (Blocadren®)
Selective
- atenolol (Tenormin®)
- metoprolol (Lopressor®)

]]> 2022-06-23 00:03:08 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228265800 Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonist cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228266862 1) acetylcholine
2) pilocarpine (Pilocar®)
3) bethanechol (Urecholine®)

]]> 2022-06-23 00:04:49 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228266862 Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228267481 1) neostigmine (Prostigmin®)]]> 2022-06-23 00:05:44 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228267481 Anticholinergic cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228268105 1) atropine
2) dicyclomine (Bently®)]]> 2022-06-23 00:06:41 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228268105 Skeletal Muscle Relaxants cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228273621 Peripherally Acting
-Depolarizing: succiylcholine
-Non-depolarizing: rocuronium bromide (Zemuron®)
-Direct: dantrolene (Dantrium®)
Centrally Acting
-cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril®)
-carisprodol (Soma®)
-methocarbamol (Robaxin®)
-orphenadrine citrate (Norflex®)
-chlorzxazone (Parafoon Forte DSC®)
-metaxalone (Skelaxin®)]]> 2022-06-23 00:13:32 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228273621 Mast Cell Stabilizers cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228274215 1) cromolyn Sodium (Intal®/Nasalcrom®)]]> 2022-06-23 00:14:18 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228274215 Bronchodilators cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228276550 Sympathomimetics
-albuterol (Proventil®/Ventolin®)
-formoterol (Foradil®)
-terbutaline (Brethine®)
-salmeterol (Serevent®)
Xanthine Derivatives
-theophylline (Theo-Dur®)
-aminophylline (Paladron®)]]> 2022-06-23 00:16:23 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228276550 Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228277187 1) montelukast (Singulair®)]]> 2022-06-23 00:17:13 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228277187 Anticholingeric cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228277531 1) ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®)]]> 2022-06-23 00:17:37 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228277531 Combination Bronchodilator cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228278174 1) ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate (Combivent®)]]> 2022-06-23 00:18:30 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228278174 Antihistamines cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228281222 Generation I (sedating)
-brompheniramine (Dimetapp®)
-chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton®)
-diphenhydramine (Benadryl®)
-hydroxyzine (Atarax®)
-promethazine (Phenergan®)
-azelastine (Astelin® or Astepro®)
Generation I (non-sedating)
-loratidine (Claritin®)
-fexofenadine (Allergra®)
-cetirizine (Zyrtec®)

]]> 2022-06-23 00:22:39 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228281222 Corticosteroid (asthma or allergic rhinitis) cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228282744 1) budesonide (Rhinocort® or Pulmicort®)
2) mometasone (Nasonex® or Asmanex®)
3) fluticasone (Flonase® or Flovent®)
4) flunisolide (Nasalide®)
5) triamcinolone (Nasacort®/Azmacort®)]]> 2022-06-23 00:24:31 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228282744 Antitussives cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228284379 Narcotic
-hydrocodone (Hycodan®)
-codine/guaifensin (Robitussin AC ®)
Non-Narcotic
-dextromethroophan/guaifenesin (Robitussin DM ®)
-benzonatate (Tessalon Perles®)]]> 2022-06-23 00:26:25 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228284379 Decongestants cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228284832 1) oxymetazoline (Afrin®)
2) pheniramine (Dristan®)
3) phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)
4) psuedoephedrine (Sudafed®)]]> 2022-06-23 00:26:57 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228284832 Expectorants cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228285621 1) guaifenesin (Robitussin®, Mucinex®, Organidin®)]]> 2022-06-23 00:27:46 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228285621 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228289993 2022-06-23 00:32:15 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228289993 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228329056 2022-06-23 01:12:41 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228329056 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228331272 2022-06-23 01:14:36 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228331272 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228332950 2022-06-23 01:16:13 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228332950 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228335152 2022-06-23 01:18:07 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228335152 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228338056 information: ANS Powerpoint Pt 1 and 2]]> 2022-06-23 01:20:46 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228338056 cyntorreyasmith1 https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228338464 information: Drug List document on Blackboard]]> 2022-06-23 01:21:10 UTC https://padlet.com/cyntorreyasmith1/se8av05bz73izls4/wish/2228338464