"A Review and Analysis of the History of Special Education and Disability Advocacy in the United States" by Lisa Duncan https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl Timeline of Key Events and People en-us 2020-09-30 11:28:43 UTC 2020-10-31 17:26:07 UTC hello@padlet.com 1. 1800-1860: EARLY REFORM - Formal Education Programs for People who are Deaf and Blind Open teachlearn11 https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871602146 Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc begin teaching students who are deaf at the Connecticut Asylum. Samuel Gridley Howe educates people who are blind.]]> 2020-10-28 22:55:46 UTC https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871602146 3. Industrial Revolution Causes Academic Progress to Halt teachlearn11 https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871602507 The need for more workers forces institutions to provide job training rather than academic learning, pushing people with disabilities into factory employment.]]> 2020-10-28 22:56:01 UTC https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871602507 4. Dorothea Dix "Framed Disability as an Issue of Civil Rights Rather than Philanthropy and Charity" (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 104) teachlearn11 https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871602965 After witnessing the deplorable conditions that marginalized people live in, Dix speaks on their behalf, urging the Massachusetts legislature to see people with disabilities as humans. Laws change and funding for institutions increases.]]> 2020-10-28 22:56:19 UTC https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871602965 5. Nurture Wins as the Primary Focus in Special Education teachlearn11 https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871603691 Gallaudet and Howe operate with the belief that nurture truly benefits people with disabilities, allowing them to be part of society. Both teachers create methods that are used to this day.]]> 2020-10-28 22:56:29 UTC https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871603691 7. "Deviance and Disability Merged in the Public Eye" (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 97) teachlearn11 https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871604082 With eugenics theory developed by Franics Galton and the Kallikak Study, a well-known genealogy from Henry Goddard, people with disabilities are once again viewed as threats. Restrictive eugenics is commonplace; people with disabilities are separated from society through institutionalization (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 97).]]> 2020-10-28 22:56:47 UTC https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871604082 8. Nature Viewed Over Nurture as Primary Issue of Disability teachlearn11 https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871604213 The need to identify and measure intelligence results in tests that target inability rather than ability. This leads to the conclusion that heredity is everything, which means that nature wins, and marriage restriction and sterilization laws pass. ]]> 2020-10-28 22:56:54 UTC https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871604213 9. Supreme Court Decision Sets Standard for Sterilization in America and in Nazi Germany teachlearn11 https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871604599 "This case, which enforced the involuntary sterilization of a young woman purported to be 'feeble-minded,' enshrined eugenic compulsory sterilization laws in a majority of states, paving the way for more than 60,000 operations in more than thirty American states and providing a precedent for 400,000 sterilizations in Nazi Germany" (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 98). ]]> 2020-10-28 22:57:12 UTC https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871604599 10. Scientists and Educators Support the Segregation of Students with Disabilities teachlearn11 https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871604730 The newer ideas of eugenics, oralism, and compulsory attendance further marginalize students with disabilities. The scientific thoughts of the day continue to push exclusion while teachers also believe that two separate learning environments are necessary.]]> 2020-10-28 22:57:18 UTC https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871604730 11. 1950-PRESENT: CONTEMPORARY REFORM - Public Perception of People with Disabilities Shifts to the Positive; Balance Between Nature and Nurture Required teachlearn11 https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871604941 After World War II, "Americans wanted to fully distance themselves from eugenic practices. Furthermore, public awareness and sensitivity toward people with disabilities increased as war veterans returned with physical and emotional disabilities" (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 100). Psychologists Watson and Bandura emphasize the return to nurture in helping marginalized groups.]]> 2020-10-28 22:57:27 UTC https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871604941 12. "The Kennedy Family was Instrumental in the Fight for Equal Rights in the US" (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 100) teachlearn11 https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871605035 Eunice Kennedy Shriver writes about her sister Rosemary, who had a disability, and the family's story, urging her brother President John Kennedy to dedicate research and funding to people similar to their sister along with money set aside for training teachers. In 1961, Kennedy forms a panel to carry out these tasks.]]> 2020-10-28 22:57:31 UTC https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871605035 13. Gunnar Dybwad Alongside Parent Advocacy Groups Demands Civil Rights of People with Disabilities teachlearn11 https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871605124 Dybwad recognizes people with special needs as human beings with rights to education. He testifies in Pennsylvania where the court rules to end state laws of exclusion, setting the model for schools to educate all students, those with and those without disabilities.]]> 2020-10-28 22:57:35 UTC https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871605124 14. Dybwad Works the Legal System While Burton Blatt Appeals to the General Public teachlearn11 https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871605301 Blatt "successfully galvanized public opinion and instigated significant changes in societal perceptions of disability through his eye-opening photographic essay Christmas in Purgatory" (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 102). Showing the reality of living conditions of marginalized populations spurred two movements.]]> 2020-10-28 22:57:41 UTC https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871605301 15. Wolf Wolfensberger Introduces Normalization and Deinstitutionalization teachlearn11 https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871605439 These movements go hand-in-hand. Normalization brings people with disabilities into mainstream society. Deinstitutionalization moves people with special needs out of institutions and into small and supportive communities, which promotes increased awareness and acceptance of these individuals (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 103).]]> 2020-10-28 22:57:47 UTC https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/871605439 2. Training for People with Intellectual Disabilities Begins in Europe teachlearn11 https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/877974598 Under the tutelage of Jean Marc-Gaspard Itard, creator of programming to help students with major intellectual deficiencies,  Edouard Seguin publishes the first volume on caring for and training children with intellectual challenges (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 95). ]]> 2020-10-30 21:51:16 UTC https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/877974598 6. 1860-1950: STAGNATION AND REGRESSION - Powerful Influences Attempt to Separate and Restrict People with Disabilities teachlearn11 https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/877985957 Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species, written about the animal kingdom, and readers apply his ideas to humans, which leads to eugenics and intelligence tests. These tests allow people with disabilities to be separated.]]> 2020-10-30 21:59:27 UTC https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/877985957 REFERENCES teachlearn11 https://padlet.com/teachlearn11/s92l6s9tspwuuygl/wish/878803566 Spaulding, L. S., & Pratt, S. M. (2015). A Review and Analysis of the History of Special 
Education and Disability Advocacy in the United States. American Educational History Journal, 42(1), 91-109. 
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