Mind map by LEE JERRY https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn Made with swagger en-us 2021-11-17 04:10:31 UTC 2025-12-06 08:26:24 UTC hello@padlet.com Biological resources 200168012 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895959665 2021-11-17 04:18:26 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895959665 Genetic resources (Nile tilapia) 200168012 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895960235 - Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia(GIFT)

- Using selective breeding to obtain the most favorable traits

- Developed by a research institution known as WorldFish and partners from the Philippines and Norway

- The GIFT project started in 1988 and produced 6 generations of GIFT through selective breeding

- An improved strain of tilapia grew up to 85% faster than the fish used at the beginning of the breeding program

- GIFT and GIFT-derived strains account for 68% of the total tilapia production in the Philippines in 2003]]> 2021-11-17 04:18:48 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895960235 Species Introduction 200120151 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895960541 2021-11-17 04:18:59 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895960541 Tilapia Pond in the Phillipines 200120151 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895966598 Above picture is an example of a tilapia farm located in the philippines ]]> 2021-11-17 04:23:01 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895966598 land and resources 20002078 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895973398 2021-11-17 04:27:20 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895973398 Benefits 200120151 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895978826 - Improved food security
- Alleviate food poverty
- Offer job opportunities to the low - middle socioeconomic status people]]> 2021-11-17 04:30:47 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895978826 aquafeed 20002078 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895978978 Tilapia is a herbivorous fish when it is not in its early life stages as it is an omnivore when it is young.
Tilapia fry feed
-fish meal(soy meal) and (bone meal)
-live feeds(zooplankton and polyplankton)
Sustainabilty of fry feed
Soy meal and bone meal is widely available with and is not an expensive type of feed. Live feeds such as zooplankton can be cultured making sure that there is easy acess to the cultured zooplankton from the cultured tilapia which would save costs in the long run.
Juvenile to adult tilapia feed
-Amphibious plant feed
-cereal feed
-fish meal(soy meal)
Sustainabilty of feed
Adult tilapia are mainly herbivorous, thus cheaper feed that are plant based can be used to feed the tilapia.
Since phillipines is a country that depends on agriculture for 40 percent of its economy, plant based meals are cheaper and widely available locally.]]> 2021-11-17 04:30:52 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895978978 Energy Resources 20002078 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895979883 2021-11-17 04:31:28 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895979883 pond system 20002078 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895983398 - RAS system
- buy land to build pond 
- non coastal area
- earthen pond lined with tarp to prevent seepage ]]> 2021-11-17 04:33:54 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895983398 Negative Impacts 200120151 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895984253 -  Deterioration of genetic quality of farmed tilapia stocks. 
- Change in abundance of preferred prey for predators which causes a change in terrestrial fauna.

]]> 2021-11-17 04:34:29 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895984253 challenges 20002078 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895986681 - Competes with agriculture, hydropower, urban and coastal developments and capture fisheries for space

- direct competition for agriculture and seen as a threat to agriculture

- Priority given to agriculture as government sees crops as more important than fish 

]]> 2021-11-17 04:36:12 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895986681 water 20002078 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895988772 - Buy water from local water company 

- pump water from nearby river (treat water before using)]]> 2021-11-17 04:37:42 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1895988772 Sources 200127521 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896017053 - Fossil fuels ( coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which humans extract through mining and drilling)

- Electricity 
(Not preferred as the Philippines is a developing country. Electricity bills might be too high for the farmers) 

-Bioenergy (any organic material which has absorbed sunlight and stored it in the form of chemical energy) 
e.g waste from forests

- Clean energy 
(Solar energy and wind energy) 
*expensive at the start but saves on bills in the long run 
> Suits the weather in the Philippines as well as it is characterized with high temperatures and high humidity all year round. 
*More sustainable for the environment

]]> 2021-11-17 04:59:54 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896017053 20002078 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896022880 water treatment will mean, we need extra filtration system so additional costs ]]> 2021-11-17 05:04:42 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896022880 Challenges 200127521 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896036159 Main aim > Keep usage low> Keep costs low 
Thus, it can be sensitive when there are changes the expense on energy. 
The situation gets harder for intensive and RAS systems as there are much more pumps, water circulation mechanics, aeration and lighting as well as lighting and refrigeration in these systems. 
For example, as seen in the picture, it shows the number of pumps and mechanics that goes into an RAS system 

]]> 2021-11-17 05:15:24 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896036159 How can farmers in the PH be more efficient? 200127521 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896051791 - Well planned and managed
For example, while having the electricity switched on, they can ensure that once ay equipments are not in use, it would be good to have them switched off > save electricity. This require some planning and calculations for a more efficient and innovative way of using electricity 

- Changes in water exchange practices 
> zero discharge techniques as well as bioremediation to treat the water


]]> 2021-11-17 05:28:40 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896051791 Strategies to reduce negative impacts 200127521 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896056987 - Reduce stocking density  
The lower amount of fish> lower use of electricity 

- Aerator placements 
> create a more friendly water environment, with advantageous temperature, conditions as well as the amount of oxygen, allowing the tilapias to breathe more properly for better health.  Better health > Lowly susceptibility to pathogens 
For example, shown in the picture is a paddle-wheel aerator. 




]]> 2021-11-17 05:33:11 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896056987 20002078 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896058640 2021-11-17 05:34:50 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896058640 Benefits of GIFT strain 200168012 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896071818 - faster growth rate compared to normal tilapia (85% faster)

- More cost-effective since lower expenses are required for feed since they have a much faster growth rate

- Higher profitability due to lower expense and high demand

- More disease resistant

- widely accepted in the world including various countries in Africa and Southeast Asia

- Have helped improve food and nutrition security in the developing world



]]> 2021-11-17 05:46:34 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896071818 Challenges 200168012 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896072323 Genetic impacts
Escapees from the cultured stocks can risk inbreeding with the natural fish population and can affect the natural population in such a way that receiving population may experience a reduction in genetically effective population size aka the Ryman-Laikre effect. Escapees interbreeding with wild populations may result in offspring that exhibit low fitness, posing a risk of outbreeding depression. The survivability of the natural population would decline over time. Can also lead to homogenization which leads to lower fitness overall and possibly local extinction of the natural population.

Ecological impacts
- risk exposing diseases or parasites into the natural population
- outcompete with other fishes for resources
- Predation of smaller fishes
- loss of species in the natural ecosystem
- Breakdown of community structure]]> 2021-11-17 05:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896072323 CITES 200168012 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896072716 Under the department of fisheries and aquatic resources (BFAR) in the Philippines
- Tilapia is currently not listed in CITES because it is not endangered and is widely farmed and produced worldwide

https://cites.org/eng/parties/country-profiles/ph]]> 2021-11-17 05:47:24 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896072716 Challenges https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896085741 The feed such as zooplankton would require a tank in order to be culutred as feed for the tilapia which would cost more at the start.
Using fishmeals to feed fish such as bone meal which although is a cheap source of protein that contains lysine which plant feed lacks, it can cause insufficient conversion of fish bio mass.
 
Ways to tackle this issues
If there is not enough money to set up zooplankton cultures, it can be replaced with powdered feed to feed fry
In order to prevent insufficient conversion of fish bio mass, you can minimize the use of fishmeal as feed for the tilapia.


]]> 2021-11-17 05:59:05 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896085741 waste water 20002078 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896108301 - Treatment of waste water to remove suspended solids and remaining water known as effluent 

- flushed back into environment after being treated

- treating waste water allows to remove solids which use up oxygen to decay so by removing it, the environment it is released into is not affected]]> 2021-11-17 06:18:40 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896108301 Assess risk of Tilapia before introducing it to the pond. 200120151 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896115708 - Gather information on biology, ecology, genetics of introduced Tilapia.
- Tilapia's potential impacts and benefits that it can bring to the biological resources.
- These information and data can be derived from DIAS.]]> 2021-11-17 06:24:50 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896115708 Ways to practice for responsible use of introduced Tilapia 200120151 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896124561 Information here shows the detailed practical guidance on how to care for the Tilapia while complying with legal obligations.

- International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) 
- European Inland Fishery Advisory Commission (EIFAC)
- CITES
]]> 2021-11-17 06:31:24 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896124561 Background history on introduced Tilapia 200120151 https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896140256 Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus ) was introduced into the Philippines from Thailand in 1950. It was not well accepted by consumers in the 1950s and 1960s due to its dark colour, small size and poor image. (Guerrero, 1994). In the early 1970s the introduction of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ), a species light in colour, enhanced the image of tilapia and boosted commercial production. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, commercial tilapia production was advanced by the development of technologies for the breeding of Nile tilapia in floating net enclosures and the production of Nile tilapia in floating cages with feeding.]]> 2021-11-17 06:43:28 UTC https://padlet.com/200168012/s8yirxwxy3p21czn/wish/1896140256