THE CONGESTION RATE IN INDIA by AZRINA MIZANI AZIZUR RAHMAN

India - A land of unity in diversity

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India is a highly popular country with iconic landmarks and the best places to visit, many different sorts of foods to taste, excellent entertainment, and many other things.

However, when it comes to traffic congestion, India ranks among the worst in the world. Several major Indian cities, like Mumbai, Bengaluru, Delhi, and Pune, face extremely severe traffic congestion which will have a significant influence on the country.

Global traffic congestion ranking has 3 Indian cities in top 10

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During the Covid-19 pandemic, when statewide limits were imposed, road traffic flows were nonexistent. Looking at the congestion of three main cities in India in the 10 congestion index graphic shows that economic activity and use of private automobiles have increased again in the six months since the outbreak.

However, with the new standards and changes in the method of working that have been adopted by employees of IT companies ; work from home, it is no longer affects city congestion as it used to. It has aided the city's progress, with a 51 percent drop in congestion compared to 71 percent in 2019.

Cost incurred that cause by traffic jams

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Congestion in major Indian cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Kolkata not only causes misery but can also result in financial loss. It is predicted that his country will incur a loss of $ 22 billion as a result of the time spent traveling, which takes roughly 1.5 hours. The losses are computed using the cost of car fuel as well as the loss of employee productivity, which includes working hours, opportunity costs, pollution, and health expenditures that must be incurred each year. Furthermore, when a city's peak time arrives, it is predicted that there is 149 percent more extra time that must be faced in commuting a certain distance than the average experienced by Asian countries, which is 67 percent.

This traffic congestion is also said to be caused by an overcrowded city. As we all know, India is one of the nations with a large population, and they have all carried out rapid economic growth in their country. As a result, there is an increase in the household of a family where it encourages their thinking to finance their own car transportation. As a result, it is estimated that the country's transportation demand has expanded eightfold since 1980, putting additional strain on the road network. Adding to the growing pollution problem, it is compelling the government to take more harsh measures in the interests of the country's economy and people.

Why is India's traffic still considered to be among the worst in the world?

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Being trapped in traffic is an extremely unpleasant experience for Indians, who have to deal with it no matter where they are. Even more so if they live in Mumbai, Bengaluru, Delhi, or Pune, which are among the top ten cities with the worst traffic congestion in the world, according to the latest TomTom world traffic statistics. Those city has been on the list of places with significant traffic congestion for four years in a row. This causes a person to be late for an appointment since the journey takes longer than it should. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant decrease and increase in some cities.

This issue arise a long time ago, but despite certain actions which have been taken, it has not shown any progress. It was discovered that it occurred since there was no reform on the way to its resolution. Those in charge only utilize one strategy, which is to increase roadways. Since road space becomes more available, people will prefer to buy their own vehicles rather than take public transportation, resulting in car ownership that exceeds the population establishment rate. Typically, a city should seek steps to limit the usage of its own vehicles, such as expanding public transportation and encouraging people to walk or cycle to nearby destinations. This will help to alleviate traffic congestion to some extent. However, if no further efforts are taken, traffic congestion will intensify in the future.

Statistic cities with the most traffic congestion in 2020

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The (%) of congestion level - the additional travel time required to go from one location to another over the estimated time.

1. Moscow, Russia (54%)
2. Mumbai, India (53%)
3. Bogota, Colombia (53%)
4. Manila, Philippines (53%)
5. Istanbul, Turkey (51%)
6. Bengaluru, India (51%)
7. Kyiv, Ukraine (51%)
8. New Delhi, India (47%)
9. Novosibirsk, Russia (45%)
10. Bangkok, Thailand (44%)

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Mumbai

- Mumbai has been named the world's second most crowded city in 2020.
- The overall amount of congestion in the city is 53%, which is a 12% improvement over 2019.

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Bengaluru

- Bengaluru has been named the world's sixth most congested city in 2020.
- It has achieved a 51% increase over last year, which implies a 20% drop.
- Its represents little gain considering Bengaluru was the top city in India on the congestion percentage table the previous year.

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New Delhi

- New Delhi is the eighth most congested city in the world, accounting for 47% of the total at 2020.
- It has reduced congestion by 9% compared to the previous year.

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India's Congestion Level in 2021

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The index above represents the most recent degree of congestion experienced by cities in India in 2021, as seen in the top ten worst congestion ranking worldwide. With this data, we can observe that Indian cities are making little progress, with a fall compared to the previous year. Furthermore, unlike in the past, only two cities are included in the top ten most crowded cities in the world, namely Mumbai and Bengaluru, as opposed to four cities in the top ten ranking.

Mumbai slips a rank in traffic congestion, is fifth globally

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In the Top 25 Global TomTom Traffic Index 2021 ranking, Indian cities such as Mumbai, Bengaluru, New Delhi, and Pune had lower average congestion compared to the previous year. Nonetheless, Mumbai remains the city with the greatest congestion, especially during the festival season, which coincides with the rainy season, resulting in flooded roadways, adds to the city's congestion.

Because the usage of trains has been curtailed, many individuals prefer to commute by car. Although it registered the same degree of congestion as the previous year (53%), traffic congestion decreased by 22% compared to 2019. Because of the covid 19 pandemic, they have altered the way they operate; instead of going to the office, they now solely work from home, and all meetings are held online. This reduces peak-hour congestion by 23% in India.

It has now re-shown more vehicle users on the route. It is thought that this is because individuals prefer to maintain a safer social distance by driving their own cars. In 2021, India saw a surge in the buying of electric automobiles. They are also aiming to increase the usage of electric vehicles, such as buses and automobiles, in order to reduce the country's pollution problem.

Congestion levels drop in major Indian cities

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According to the TomTom analysis, India's congestion levels are 23 percent lower than they were before the pandemic. The analysis is based on traffic flows observed in 58 countries by 2021. The usage of new mobility such as bicycles and e-scooters has expanded by the population in India after infrastructure such as roadways were developed, which is thought to happen during a pandemic. The pandemic has also caused disruptions in work habits and increased demand for online business in Indian cities. However, many people continue to utilize private automobiles in order to preserve the safety of social distance. As a result, it reduces the appeal of public transportation vehicles like buses and railroads.

There is changes in the usage of mobility based on the pattern of congestion data acquired throughout the pandemic. If noticed, it indicates a good shift, and they must aim to optimize the use of technology with solid data to further enhance road infrastructure in order to provide traffic information that is more quickly and readily available to drivers and traffic authorities. To some extent, this can assist them in identifying traffic congestion and managing it more effectively.

* CAUSES

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1) The number of private automobiles on the road is rising year after year.

^{According to the research, up to 100,000 cars are utilized and moved on the roads practically every day, with the number increasing in the city of Delhi.}

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2) Road width and length are increasing at a pace of 4.53 percent every year.

^{It has an impact on the smoothness of the roadways owing to the imbalance caused by the growth in people. Like Delhi, its road density is roughly 155 km, with a population of 100 000 people. Thus, there are around 80 cars going every kilometre, and this number is expected to rise year after year.}

Traffic Congestion

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3) The average cycling time on the road is between 120 and 180 seconds.

_{Congestion occurs as a result of cars having to wait and line for long durations, especially at peak hours.}

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4) Mixture of vehicles in traffic.

_{It illustrates where numerous types of vehicles, such as personal automobiles, buses, lorries, trucks, contractor vehicles, trailers, animal transport, and others share the same traffic and generate traffic congestion.}

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5) Lack of public transport.

_{The number of public vehicles, such as buses, cannot keep up with and handle the rapid population development. As a result, individuals prefer to utilise their own automobiles.}

* EFFECT

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A person's productivity has decreased.

_{Everyone has duties and daily routines that they must confront every day, such as going to work, bringing children to school, seeing clients, and so on, so being stuck in traffic for an extended amount of time would disrupt their daily plans. They would be late to complete a work owing to the time wasted during traffic jams. As a result, their job will be disturbed, making life a little more difficult.}

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6) Ongoing construction activity

_{Construction activities that take place in various locations where it includes road paving, construction of new roads, or closure of damaged roads can be said as one of the cause to congestion traffic as they block traffic to move smoothly.}

* SOLUTION

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(I) Improving Public Transportation

_{The government can boost the number of public vehicles such as buses and railway around the country to make it simpler for people to go around. People don't have to fight for a seat in public transportation since there are so many of them. A vehicle's capacity can comfortably carry a large number of people, making them feel comfortable and safe while travelling in it. As a result, they will have a greater effect on people to use public transportation everywhere they go. As per Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), which has given over 3500 air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned low-level buses for public usage.}

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_{India is a country with high traffic congestion, with automobiles constantly moving. In reality, it makes India the most polluted country due to air pollution and noise from automobiles, which are common in most metropolitan areas. Studies must be conducted from the past to the present to determine how it came to be in such a horrible state as the automotive industry increases fast. After all, in this risky Covid-19 virus situation, many choose to ride in their own vehicles for their own safety.}

_{Not only that, but the residents there are very concerned in having their own vehicle so that it is easy to go through the daily routine. Although the manufacture of electric type vehicles has been enforced to reduce the rate of pollution, yet it does not guarantee to help the problem of congestion. So, They have to find a creative way to solve it before it becomes uncontrollable in the future.}

What Congestion in Delhi look a like

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_{The footage shows the locations of traffic congestion of Delhi in 2019. The congestion experienced may be described as terrible, with vehicles moving freely at the pleasure of the driver and without according to the rules. Cars, bicycles, motorbikes, vans, goods-carrying vehicles, and even pedestrians use the same route. With high population density, noise and smoke pollution, also vehicle movement that does not adhere to the proper system, the traffic situation appears to be critical.}

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(IV) Intensify the public in the use of public transport

_{When there is a high density of cars traveling on a road, traffic congestion develops. To minimize the number of automobiles on the road, people should make more use of public transportation. This can assist to reduce the number of cars on the road at the same time, which can help to alleviate congestion. Not only that, but it is inexpensive and convenient for a person to relocate from one location to another.}

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(II) Establish a new corporation at the Terminal.

_{The government can create new organizations with new concepts and rules to better administer terminals such as bus or train terminals. As a result, any issues regarding public transportation may be evaluated and remedied swiftly and effectively.}

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(V) Embrace the culture of walking or cycling when going somewhere

_{This type of practise should be adopted by everyone since it not only reduces congestion but also decreases the production of carbon fumes that are damaging to the environment and adds to a better lifestyle.

After all, India has invested Rs 60 crore in the building of a public cycling system, which includes 315 bicycle stations and 4500 bicycles. As a result, it was able to further create a transportation system free of the constraints and congestion that afflicted the country.}

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(VI) Developing an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)

_{The government can improve the transportation system by incorporating Intelligent Transport System (ITS), which is a road transportation application that uses sensors, analysis, control, and communication technology to achieve traffic efficiency, reduce congestion, control environmental degradation, energy savings, reduce travel time, passenger safety, and improve travel comfort.}

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(III) Infrastructure additions and upgrades

_{The government and those in charge should undertake efforts to expand and enhance traffic infrastructure, such as the building of new roads, bridges, lanes, and routes, as well as the widening of existing highways. This can assist vehicles in coping with congestion by allowing vehicles of all types and weights to go on their respective vehicle routes. Heavy vehicles such as lorries and light vehicles such as automobiles do not need to be on the same route because several lanes have been created for them which help ensure the smooth flow of traffic.}

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| _{The Indian city of Delhi has taken steps to ensure the success of a new railway project, the Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS). The development of this RRTS would help the country by reducing pollution problems and traffic congestion. Not only that but this RRTS is reported to be capable of carrying 100,000 automobiles from the road, implying that its huge capacity can accommodate many passengers and transport them to their destination in less time. Although not a great amount in comparison to their large population, to some extent, they can cut 250 000 tones of CO2 gas emissions each year. The overall cost of this project is in the $4 billion, and it is scheduled to be finished in 2025. |}

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| _{Residents of Ahmedabad are attempting to boost their usage of e-trishaws and public bicycle sharing systems in order to move around the city, as there are more public buses that cannot cover all locations. So, in order to entice people to take public transportation, they may use this way to get anywhere. Surprisingly, the system garnered a massive response from the general public.}

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Creating a dangerous driving environment in a traffic jam

_{Congestion causes a person to remain trapped in the flow of traffic for an extended length of time. With so many responsibilities and routines to fulfill on a daily basis, being stuck in traffic causes a person to get frustrated and irritated. As a result, it may persuade a person to disregard traffic laws in order to save time. For example, disregarding traffic signals and using emergency routes at will. Therefore, the environment of driving in traffic becomes risky since it might threaten the safety of not only ourselves but also other road users.}

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Accidents and traffic deaths occurred

_{Congestion worsens the traffic environment and makes people more vulnerable. This is thought to be linked to infractions of traffic laws such as red-light violations and exceeding the speed limit. This is of major concern to the government since it is one of the primary causes of car-related road accidents, posing a hazard to life and harm to the public, which is exacerbated by India's growing population and automobile penetration. According to statistics, India has reduced road accidents and deaths by 18% and 12.8%, respectively, by 2020. Nonetheless, accidents involving red light breaches increased by 79% in 2020 as compared to 2019. The drop in 2020 is thought to be the result of the closing of COVID-19, improved traffic management, and the adoption of the new Motor Vehicles Act.}

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Pollution of the environment

_{India's traffic congestion has had an impact on the environment. This is attributed to the car emitting smoke during acceleration and deceleration. As we all know, traffic leads us to spend 51 percent more time on the road than usual. So, according to the study, it has resulted in around 53% greater car smoke emissions that occur when dealing with traffic congestion since vehicles use a lot of energy. Carbon monoxide gas, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon compounds, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and other pollutants released by cars are examples of contaminated smoke. As a result, if no action is done, the country will experience a pretty significant greenhouse effect.}

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Fuel wastage

<- _{Vehicles used in India are usually fuel-consuming vehicles. So, if there is a traffic jam and a person is delayed in a car for an extended period of time, it will waste vehicle fuel since it would burn nearly one and a half times more gasoline per kilometer than regular road flow. As a result, the car will run out of gasoline sooner than under typical conditions. As a result, more money is required to ensure that the vehicle's fuel supply is always enough.}

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_{People prefer to utilize this system since the bikes provided are highly user-friendly, with baskets to carry things, and are easy to discover and operate. They just open the app, scan the QR code, and paddle to their desired location. They will either carry on to their location or will stop at the nearby bus station and take the bus all the way there. As a result, it can limit the number of cars driving at the same time as well as the rate of smoke emissions, which can produce pollution. |}

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