MWH Research Paper by Colin Glennon '27

Boxer Rebellion, Tran, Lisa

cglennon27 — 2025-02-13 18:20:24 UTC

Tran, Lisa. "Boxer Uprising." Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450, edited by Thomas Benjamin, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2007, pp. 144-145. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2587300064/WHIC?u=san74543&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=ff8c69fc. Accessed 13 Feb. 2025.

Boxer Uprising, Tran, Lisa

cglennon27 — 2025-02-13 18:23:27 UTC

”The Qing state remained intact, but most of China was divided into spheres of influence under the control of foreign powers, a process that had begun with the first Opium War (1839–1842) and concluded with the first Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895).”

Boxer Uprising, Tran, Lisa

cglennon27 — 2025-02-13 18:24:51 UTC

”Known collectively as the Boxers United in Righteousness (Yihequan) and sharing the belief that spirit possession and invulnerability rituals would protect them from bullets, a motley crew of peasants, laborers, and drifters launched the movement in 1898. From their origins in northwestern Shandong, the Boxers spread across the North China Plain, extending as far as Manchuria and Inner Mongolia.”

Boxer Uprising, Tran, Lisa

cglennon27 — 2025-02-13 18:25:57 UTC

”A combination of deteriorating conditions in the countryside and increasing Chinese resentment of the missionary presence in Shandong fueled the Boxer movement”

Draft Topic 1

cglennon27 — 2025-02-14 21:18:36 UTC

"To what extent was the Boxer Rebellion a nationalist movement, and to what extent was it a reactionary uprising against modernization?"

Draft Topic 2

cglennon27 — 2025-02-14 21:18:57 UTC

The Boxer Rebellion was both a nationalist movement and a reactionary uprising, but it was primarily driven by nationalist motives. While the Boxers resisted modernization, their main goal was to expel foreign influence and restore Chinese sovereignty, making the rebellion a key moment in the rise of Chinese nationalism.

Primary Source 1

cglennon27 — 2025-02-14 21:23:07 UTC

Primary Source 2

cglennon27 — 2025-02-14 21:23:57 UTC

Secondary Source 1

cglennon27 — 2025-02-14 21:25:33 UTC

https://www.history.com/topics/asian-history/boxer-rebellion

Secondary Source 2

cglennon27 — 2025-02-14 21:25:52 UTC

History in Three Keys

cglennon27 — 2025-02-27 18:12:43 UTC

Bottom Page 4. 3rd part talks about stance and imortance. (Do in depth later)

Secondary Source 3 (Book) History in 3 Keys (Cohen)

cglennon27 — 2025-03-02 03:16:07 UTC

The movement was driven by Anti- Imperialist Nationalism

cglennon27 — 2025-03-02 03:19:59 UTC

Reactionary revolt with violence against foreigners and missionaries

cglennon27 — 2025-03-02 03:21:52 UTC

(Secondary Source 1)

cglennon27 — 2025-03-02 03:22:37 UTC

”The rebels, referred to by Westerners as Boxers because they performed physical exercises they believed would make them able to withstand bullets, killed foreigners and Chinese Christians and destroyed foreign property.” Violence

The Foreign Response Was Excessive and Led to Long-Term Consequences for China.

cglennon27 — 2025-03-02 03:24:06 UTC

(Secondary Source 1)

cglennon27 — 2025-03-02 03:24:51 UTC

”Boxers besieged the foreign district of China’s capital city Beijing (then called Peking) until an international force that included American troops subdued the uprising. By the terms of the Boxer Protocol, which officially ended the rebellion in 1901, China agreed to pay more than $330 million in reparations.” Wide scale problem

(Secondary Source 1)

cglennon27 — 2025-03-02 03:27:28 UTC

“Western nations and Japan had forced China’s ruling Qing dynasty to accept wide foreign control over the country’s economic affairs… China had fought to resist the foreigners, but it lacked a modernized military and suffered millions of casualties.“ Foreign power affecting Chinese economy. Qing dynasty weak and struggled against foreign intervention

(Secondary Source 1)

cglennon27 — 2025-03-02 03:29:09 UTC

”John Hay, the U.S. Secretary of State from 1898 to 1905, began to implement an “Open Door Policy” to exert American and European influence over Chinese trade and economic partnerships” Western powers dominating in China

(Secondary Source 1)

cglennon27 — 2025-03-02 03:30:32 UTC

”By the late 1890s, a Chinese secret group, the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (“I-ho-ch’uan” or “Yihequan”), had begun carrying out regular attacks on foreigners and Chinese Christians” Violent resistance from Chinese

(Secondary Source 1)

cglennon27 — 2025-03-02 03:33:23 UTC

“In 1900, the Boxer movement spread to the Beijing area, where the Boxers killed Chinese Christians and Christian missionaries and destroyed churches, railroad stations and other property. On June 20, 1900, the Boxers began a siege of Beijing’s Legation District” Attacking Foreigners

(Secondary Source 1)

cglennon27 — 2025-03-02 03:34:29 UTC

“The following day, Empress Dowager Tzu’u Hzi declared a war on all foreign nations with diplomatic ties in China.”

(Secondary Source 1)

cglennon27 — 2025-03-02 03:35:26 UTC

”By some estimates, several hundred foreigners and several thousand Chinese Christians were killed during this time. On August 14, after fighting its way through northern China, an international force of approximately 20,000 troops from eight nations (Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) arrived to take Beijing and rescue the foreigners and Chinese Christians”

(Secondary Source 1)

cglennon27 — 2025-03-02 03:36:46 UTC

”The Qing dynasty, established in 1644, was weakened by the Boxer Rebellion. Following an uprising in 1911, the dynasty came to an end and China became a republic in 1912.” fall of Qing Dynasty

(Secondary Source 1)

cglennon27 — 2025-03-02 03:37:11 UTC

“The Boxer Rebellion formally ended with the signing of the Boxer Protocolon September 7, 1901”

(Secondary Source 1)

cglennon27 — 2025-03-02 03:37:29 UTC

”China was prohibited from importing arms for two years and it agreed to pay more than $330 million in reparations to the foreign nations involved.”

(Secondary Source 2)

cglennon27 — 2025-03-02 03:40:14 UTC

”In 1898, North China experienced several natural disasters, including the Yellow River flooding and droughts, which Boxers blamed on foreign and Christian influence” Links nationalism to natural disasters and strengthens anti-foreign stance

(Secondary Source 2)

cglennon27 — 2025-03-02 03:43:12 UTC

“The events came to a head in June 1900, when Boxer fighters, convinced they were invulnerable to foreign weapons, converged on Beijing with the slogan "Support the Qing government and exterminate the foreigners".”

Primary Source 2

cglennon27 — 2025-03-03 04:24:44 UTC

Chinese symbols in flag which might include anti-foreign slogans. Expel foreigners and promote sovereignty

Boxer Rebellion, Tran, Lisa

cglennon27 — 2025-03-03 05:10:07 UTC

”Although the Qing continued to stumble along for another decade, what accelerated the process of dynastic collapse was the Boxer Uprising.” Led to fall of Qing dynasty

Boxer Rebellion, Tran, Lisa

cglennon27 — 2025-03-03 05:15:13 UTC

”However, the Boxers were not anti-Qing as is sometimes thought; after all, their slogan was s"Revive the Qing; destroy the foreigner.s" And despite later representations portraying the Boxers as rebels, the Qing court did support the Boxers” Anti-foreign slogans

Boxer Uprising, Tran, Lisa

cglennon27 — 2025-03-03 05:17:35 UTC

”A combination of deteriorating conditions in the countryside and increasing Chinese resentment of the missionary presence in Shandong fueled the Boxer movement. The North China Plain had been hard hit by a series of natural disasters; banditry, smuggling, and corruption also were rife in the area. The devastation caused by flood and drought coupled with the government's failure to effectively address the crisis made the impoverished peasants easy recruits for the Boxer movement” Background/main point 2

Boxer Uprising, Tran, Lisa

cglennon27 — 2025-03-03 05:17:58 UTC

”Furthermore, missionary activity in the area and the special privileges accorded to Chinese converts exacerbated relations between the Chinese on the one hand, and the Christian missionaries and their converts on the other. The physical assault of missionaries and Christian Chinese as well as the destruction of railroad and telegraph lines—symbols of the Western presence in China—defined the Boxer Uprising as an antiforeign, anti-Christian, and anti-missionary movement”

Boxer Rebellion, Tran, Lisa

cglennon27 — 2025-03-03 05:19:37 UTC

“The Boxer Protocol in 1901 demanded that China pay a huge indemnity in the amount of 450 million taels (equivalent to about $333 million at the time); by some estimates, that amount would total a billion taels in 1940 when the indemnity was to be paid in full. In 1908, the United States allocated its portion of the indemnity to fund scholarships for Chinese students”

Boxer Rebellion, Tran, Lisa

cglennon27 — 2025-03-03 05:21:49 UTC

“The Qing state emerged from the Boxer Uprising a weaker, if not fatally crippled, country unable to hold onto the reins of power without foreign assistance”

Primary Source 2

cglennon27 — 2025-03-03 05:23:55 UTC

The guy is using traditional items like a spear and giant shield which was thought to protect them from bullets. Shows that they are against modernization and westernizations and believe they are invulnerable to modern firearms.