Civil Rights and Civil Liberties World Wall by EMILY WANING https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv Emily Waning 1st hour A.P Gov en-us 2018-10-25 11:45:12 UTC 2018-10-29 00:53:39 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Brightnessdown.png Exclusionary Rule 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/296876303 A law that prohibts the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial.]]> 2018-10-25 11:55:30 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/296876303 Establishment Clause 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/296879458 The clause in the first amendment of the u.s. constitution that prohibts the establishment of religion by congress. This clause not only forbids the governement from establishing an offical relgion, but also prohibits governemtn actions that unduly favor one religion over another.]]> 2018-10-25 12:04:49 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/296879458 Due Process 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/296886494 Fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especialy as a citzen's entitlement. Due process has also been frequently interpreted as limiting laws and legal proceedings so that judges, instead of legislators, may define and gaurantee fundamental fairness, justice, and liberty.]]> 2018-10-25 12:22:59 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/296886494 Double Jeopardy 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297519414 A procedural defence that prevents an accused person from being tired again on the same charges and on the same facts, follwoing a vaild acquittal or conviction]]> 2018-10-26 17:53:18 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297519414 Speech Plus 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297521719 Know as Symbolic Speech, involves the communication of ideas through the combination of launage and action- such as the burning of a draft card while stating opposition to the military- as opposed to pure speech, which involes the use of written or oral words alone.]]> 2018-10-26 17:57:03 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297521719 Suspect Classifications 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297523836 Any classification of groups meeting a series of criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination. These classes receive close scrutiny by courts when an Equal Protection claim alleging unconstitutional discrimination is asserted against a law, regulation, or other governement action, or sometimes private action.]]> 2018-10-26 18:00:47 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297523836 De Jure Segregation 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297533100 Decribes practices that are legally recognised, weahter or not the practices exist in reality. In contrast descibes situations that exist in reality, even if not legally recongnised. The terms are often used to contrast different screnarios.]]> 2018-10-26 18:19:24 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297533100 Probable Cause 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297534983 Requirement found in the fourth amendment that must usually be met before police make an arrest, conduct a search, or receive a warrant. Courts usually find probable cause when there is a reasonable basis for believing that a crime may have been committed or when evidence of the crime is present in the place to be searched. Under exigent circumstances, probable cause can also justify a warrantless search or seizure. Persons arresred without a warrant are required to be brought before a competent authority shortly after the arrest for a prompt judicial determination of probable cause.]]> 2018-10-26 18:23:46 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297534983 Bakke Case 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297825826 Allan Bakke, a thirty-five-year-old white man, had twice applied for admission to the University of California Medical School at Davis. He was rejected both times. The school reserved sixteen places in each entering class of one hundred for "qualified" minorities, as part of the university's affirmative action program, in an effort to redress longstanding, unfair minority exclusions from the medical profession. Bakke's qualifications (college GPA and test scores) exceeded those of any of the minority students admitted in the two years Bakke's applications were rejected. Bakke contended, first in the California courts, then in the Supreme Court, that he was excluded from admission solely on the basis of race.]]> 2018-10-28 23:37:47 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297825826 Symbolic Speech 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297826166 Sometimes speech is spoken or written.  Sometimes speech is symbolic or an action.  Symbolic speech is conduct that expresses an idea. Although speech is commonly thought of as verbal expression, we are all aware of nonverbal communication. Sit-ins, flag waving, demonstrations, and wearing . . . protest buttons are examples of symbolic speech. While most forms of conduct could be said to express ideas in some way, only some conduct is protected as symbolic speech. In analyzing such cases, the courts ask whether the speaker intended to convey a particular message and whether it is likely that the message was understood by those who viewed it.To convince a court that symbolic conduct should be punished and not protected as speech, the government must show it has an important reason. ]]> 2018-10-28 23:40:26 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297826166 Incorportation Doctrine 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297826650 The incorporation doctrine is a constitutional doctrine through which the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution (known as the Bill of Rights) are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Prior to the doctrine's (and the Fourteenth Amendment's) existence, the Bill of Rights applied only to the Federal Government and to federal court cases. States and state courts could choose to adopt similar laws, but were under no obligation to do so. ]]> 2018-10-28 23:44:56 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297826650 Engle vs Vitale 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297827236
The state of New York approved a piece of legislation which required students to start their school days with the Pledge of Allegiance and a prayer with the text]]> 2018-10-28 23:49:19 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297827236 brown vs board 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297827653 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. Brown v. Board of Education was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, and helped establish the precedent that “separate-but-equal” education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all.]]> 2018-10-28 23:52:02 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297827653 miranda vs arizona 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297827857 On March 13, 1963, Ernesto Miranda was arrested in his house and brought to the police station where he was questioned by police officers in connection with a kidnapping and rape. After two hours of interrogation, the police obtained a written confession from Miranda. The written confession was admitted into evidence at trial despite the objection of the defense attorney and the fact that the police officers admitted that they had not advised Miranda of his right to have an attorney present during the interrogation. The jury found Miranda guilty. On appeal, the Supreme Court of Arizona affirmed and held that Miranda’s constitutional rights were not violated because he did not specifically request counsel.]]> 2018-10-28 23:53:45 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297827857 equal protection 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297828725 Equal Protection refers to the idea that a governmental body may not deny people equal protection of its governing laws. The governing body state must treat an individual in the same manner as others in similar conditions and circumstances. ]]> 2018-10-29 00:00:59 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297828725 mapp vs ohio 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297829739 Dollree Mapp was convicted of possessing obscene materials after an admittedly illegal police search of her home for a fugitive. She appealed her conviction on the basis of freedom of expression.]]> 2018-10-29 00:09:33 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297829739 literacy test 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297830126 Editorial cartoon from the January 18, 1879, issue of Harper's Weekly criticizing the use of literacy tests. It shows "Mr. Solid South" writing on wall, "Eddikashun qualifukashun. The Blak man orter be eddikated afore he kin vote with us Wites, signed Mr. Solid South."

A literacy test assesses a person's literacyskills: their ability to read and write. Literacy tests have been administered by various governments to immigrants. In the United States, between the 1850s[1] and 1960s, literacy tests were administered to prospective voters, and this had the effect of disenfranchising African Americans and others.

]]> 2018-10-29 00:12:35 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297830126 affirmatice action 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297830332 Affirmative action, also known as reservation in Indiaand Nepal, positive action in the UK, and employment equity (in a narrower context) in Canada and South Africa, is the policy of promoting the education and employment of members of groups that are known to have previously suffered from discrimination.[1][2][3][4]Historically and internationally, support for affirmative action has sought to achieve goals such as bridging inequalities in employment and pay, increasing access to education, promoting diversity, and redressing apparent past wrongs, harms, or hindrances.]]> 2018-10-29 00:14:13 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297830332 jim crow 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297830556 Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.[1] Enacted by white Democrat-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period, in the late 19th century, the laws were enforced until 1965. In practice, Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in the 1870s and 1880s, and were upheld in 1896, by the U.S. Supreme Court's "separate but equal" legal doctrine for African Americans, established with the court's decision in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson. Moreover, public education had essentially been segregated since its establishment in most of the South, after the Civil War(1861–65)]]> 2018-10-29 00:15:55 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297830556 civil rights act of 1964 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297830935 The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement. First proposed by President John F. Kennedy, it survived strong opposition from southern members of Congress and was then signed into law by Kennedy’s successor, Lyndon B. Johnson. In subsequent years, Congress expanded the act and passed additional civil rights legislation such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965.]]> 2018-10-29 00:17:48 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297830935 roe vs wade 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297831234  410 U.S. 113 (1973), is a landmark decision issued in 1973 by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of the constitutionality of laws that criminalized or restricted access to abortions.]]> 2018-10-29 00:19:21 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297831234 dred scott 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297831480 Dred Scott first went to trial to sue for his freedom in 1847. Ten years later, after a decade of appeals and court reversals, his case was finally brought before the United States Supreme Court. In what is perhaps the most infamous case in its history, the court decided that all people of African ancestry -- slaves as well as those who were free -- could never become citizens of the United States and therefore could not sue in federal court. The court also ruled that the federal government did not have the power to prohibit slavery in its territories. Scott, needless to say, remained a slave. ]]> 2018-10-29 00:20:31 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297831480 plessy vs ferguson 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297831647 The statute of Louisiana, acts of 1890, c. 111, requiring railway companies carrying passengers in their coaches in that State, to provide equal, but separate, accommodations for the white and colored races, by providing two or more passenger coaches for each passenger train, or by dividing the passenger coaches by a partition so as to secure separate accommodations; and providing that no person shall be permitted to occupy seats in coaches other than the ones assigned to them]]> 2018-10-29 00:21:23 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297831647 gideon vs wainright 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297831946 Clarence Earl Gideon was charged in Florida state court with felony breaking and entering. When he appeared in court without a lawyer, Gideon requested that the court appoint one for him. According to Florida state law, however, an attorney may only be appointed to an indigent defendant in capital cases, so the trial court did not appoint one. Gideon represented himself in trial. He was found guilty and sentenced to five years in prison. Gideon filed a habeas corpus petition in the Florida Supreme Court, arguing that the trial court's decision violated his constitutional right to be represented by counsel. The Florida Supreme Court denied habeas corpus relief.

]]> 2018-10-29 00:23:29 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297831946 rational basis test 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297832132 Courts employ various standards of review to assess whether legislative acts violate constitutionally protected interests. The U.S. Supreme Court has articulated the rational basis test for those cases where a plaintiff alleges that the legislature has made an arbitrary or irrational decision. When a court employs the rational basis test, it usually upholds the constitutionality of the law, because the test gives great deference to the legislative branch.]]> 2018-10-29 00:24:39 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297832132 free exercise clause 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297832688 The Free Exercise Clause reserves the right of American citizens to accept any religious belief and engage in religious rituals. Free-exercise clauses of state constitutions which protected religious “[o]pinion, expression of opinion, and practice were all expressly protected” by the Free Exercise Clause.[1]  The Clause protects not just religious beliefs but actions made on behalf of those beliefs. More importantly, the wording of state constitutions suggest that “free exercise envisions religiously compelled exemptions from at least some generally applicable laws.]]> 2018-10-29 00:27:47 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297832688 prior restraint 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297833097 Prior restraint typically happens in a few ways. It may be a statute or regulation that requires a speaker to acquire a permit or license before speaking. Prior restraint can also be a judicial injunction that prohibits certain speech. There is a third way--discussed below--in which the government outright prohibits a certain type of speech. Courts typically disfavor prior restraint and often find it to be unconstitutional.]]> 2018-10-29 00:30:27 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297833097 lemon vs kurtzman 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297833351 In Lemon v. Kurtzman, the Supreme Court of the United States found that the passing of any state laws that establish a religious body is a direct violation of the United States Constitution. Therefore, in Lemon v.Kurtzman, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in favor of Alton Lemon.]]> 2018-10-29 00:31:54 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297833351 1st amendment 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297833525 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.]]> 2018-10-29 00:32:48 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297833525 2nd amendment 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297834012 The Second Amendment of the United States Constitution reads: "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." Such language has created considerable debate regarding the Amendment's intended scope. On the one hand, some believe that the Amendment's phrase "the right of the people to keep and bear Arms" creates an individual constitutional right for citizens of the United States. Under this "individual right theory," the United States Constitution restricts legislative bodies from prohibiting]]> 2018-10-29 00:36:04 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297834012 4th amendmentr 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297834153 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.]]> 2018-10-29 00:36:56 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297834153 de facto segregation 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297834574
  • racial, ethnic, or other segregation resulting from societal differences betweengroups, as socioeconomic or political disparity, without institutionalizedlegislation intended to segregate.

    • ]]>     2018-10-29 00:38:54 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297834574     5th amendment 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297834797 No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.]]> 2018-10-29 00:40:11 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297834797 korematsu vs us 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297834921 Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of their citizenship]]> 2018-10-29 00:40:54 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297834921 6th amendment 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297835043 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.


    ]]>     2018-10-29 00:41:27 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297835043     seditious speech 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297835468 Seditious speech is speech directed at the overthrow of government. It includes speech attacking basic institutions of government, including particular governmental leaders. Its criminalization dates back at least as far as the Alien and Sedition Act.

    ]]>     2018-10-29 00:43:40 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297835468     7th amendment 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297835645 In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.


    ]]>     2018-10-29 00:44:48 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297835645     8th amendment 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297836007 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.


    ]]>     2018-10-29 00:46:38 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297836007     14th amendment 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297836175 contains 4 sections
    All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.


    ]]>     2018-10-29 00:47:40 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297836175     slander/libel 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297836466 Defamation is an area of law that provides a civil remedy when someone's words end up causing harm to your reputation or your livelihood. Libel is a written or published defamatory statement, while slander isdefamation that is spoken by the defendant.

    ]]>     2018-10-29 00:49:25 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297836466     defamatory speech 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297836826 Generally, defamation is a false and unprivileged statement of fact that is harmful to someone's reputation, and published "with fault," meaning as a result of negligence or malice. State laws often define defamation in specific ways. Libel is a written defamation; slander is a spoken defamation.

    ]]>     2018-10-29 00:51:29 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297836826     nazis vs skokie 19erwaning https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297837052 The village of Skokie, Illinois had a population of approximately 70,000 persons, of whom approximately 40,500 were Jewish. Included within this population were thousands who survived detention in Nazi concentration camps. On March 20, 1977, Frank Collin, the leader of the National Socialist ("Nazi") Party of America, informed Skokie's police chief that the National Socialists intended to march on the village's sidewalk on May 1. As a result of media attention and a number of phone calls allegedly made by Nazi Party members to residents with "Jewish names", this planned demonstration became common knowledge among Skokie's Jewish community.]]> 2018-10-29 00:52:38 UTC https://padlet.com/19erwaning/s3xt166lgdlv/wish/297837052