https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0 pages 60-70 en-us 2022-02-06 22:54:22 UTC 2022-02-06 23:40:23 UTC hello@padlet.com hannahskidmore202 https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911093 For language acquisition, behaviorists hypothesized that children learned their first language through stimulus, response, and reinforcement as well, postulating imitation and association as essential processes.


]]> 2022-02-06 22:58:34 UTC https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911093 hannahskidmore202 https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911252 2022-02-06 22:58:51 UTC https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911252 hannahskidmore202 https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911366 "No one asks how to motivate a baby. A baby naturally explores everything it can get at, unless restraining forces have already been at work. And this tendency doesn’t die out, it’s wiped out." (B.F Skinner)

]]> 2022-02-06 22:59:02 UTC https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911366 hannahskidmore202 https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911445 From the innatist perspective, children construct grammar through a process of hypothesis testing. 
Children acquire grammatical rules, according to Chomsky, with little help from their parents or caregivers.
Gardner argues that “while the principles of grammar may indeed be acquired with little help from parents or other caretakers, adults are needed to help children build a rich vocabulary, master the rules of discourse, and distinguish between culturally acceptable and unacceptable forms of expression.]]> 2022-02-06 22:59:10 UTC https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911445 hannahskidmore202 https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911611 https://www.bing.com/videos/search?view=detail&mid=27061CF0333DA429485827061CF0333DA4294858&q=innatist theory&shtp=GetUrl&shid=d49adc02-aef6-45b0-96d4-eacdfb27f745&shtk=V2hhdCBpcyBJbm5hdGlzbT8%3D&shdk=SGVscCB1cyBpbXByb3ZlIG91ciB2aWRlb3M6IGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnBhdHJlb24uY29tLzYwc2Vjb25kcGhpbG9zb3BoeSBUaGFua3MgZm9yIHdhdGNoaW5nLCBwbGVhc2UgY29tbWVudCBhbmQgc3Vic2NyaWJlLiBXZSB3YW50IHRvIHRhbGsgdG8geW91OyB0aGF0J3Mgd2hhdCBwaGlsb3NvcGh5IGlzIGFsbCBhYm91dCE%3D&shhk=G4HYhCAO%2FiHgpQEw052bLh%2FOoHJJBXMJSbaYuAZDqZU%3D&form=VDSHOT&shth=OVP.AdCc9F7fu3zbUecRBc9qnwEsCo

]]> 2022-02-06 22:59:28 UTC https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911611 hannahskidmore202 https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911682 "Young children arrive at successful grammar structures much more readily than professional linguists." (Lightfoot) ]]> 2022-02-06 22:59:36 UTC https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911682 hannahskidmore202 https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911801 Caregivers play a critical role in adjusting language to facilitate the use of innate capacities for language acquisition. 
Interactionists study the language mothers and other caregivers use when caring for infants and young children, with special attention to modifications they make during these social interactions to assist children in communication.]]> 2022-02-06 22:59:48 UTC https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911801 hannahskidmore202 https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911898 https://www.bing.com/videos/search?view=detail&mid=DCF8D391A1D5BC349883DCF8D391A1D5BC349883&q=interactionists&shtp=GetUrl&shid=1ff3b536-d96b-4578-83a5-f423cbb09161&shtk=SU5URVJBQ1RJT05JU1QgVEhFT1JZ&shdk=SU5URVJBQ1RJT05JU1QgVEhFT1JZIFRoZSBpbnRlcmFjdGlvbmlzdCBhcHByb2FjaCAoc29jaW9jdWx0dXJhbCB0aGVvcnkpIGNvbWJpbmVzIGlkZWFzIGZyb20gc29jaW9sb2d5IGFuZCBiaW9sb2d5IHRvIGV4cGxhaW4gaG93IGxhbmd1YWdlIGlzIGRldmVsb3BlZC4gQWNjb3JkaW5nIHRvIHRoaXMgdGhlb3J5LCBjaGlsZHJlbiBsZWFybiBsYW5ndWFnZSBvdXQgb2YgYSBkZXNpcmUgdG8gY29tbXVuaWNhdGUgd2l0aCB0aGUgd29ybGQgYXJvdW5kIHRoZW0uIHRoZSBpbm5hdGUgbGVhcm5pbmcgYWJpbGl0eSBvZiBjaGlsZHJlbiArIHRoZSBlbnZpcm9ubWVudCBpbiB3aGljaCB0aGV5IGRldmVsb3AgLi4u&shhk=PmUxoxDJ%2FQv9a0DjEZLpgv73hRCX5VuTYfZ20DgI9q8%3D&form=VDSHOT&shth=OVP.Sq4xfGa-jGTzUx-A4KBJoQIIEk]]> 2022-02-06 22:59:58 UTC https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911898 hannahskidmore202 https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911998 "All social action, is purposive behavior." (Blumer)]]> 2022-02-06 23:00:05 UTC https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031911998 hannahskidmore202 https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031912088 One behaviorist language teaching method popularized in the 1960s is the audiolingual method, in which tape-recorded dialogues are presented for students to memorize, followed by pattern drills for practicing verb forms and sentence structures.
For behaviorists, the processes involved in second or foreign language learning consisted of imitation, repetition, and reinforcement of grammatical structures. Errors were to be corrected immediately to avoid forming bad habits that would be difficult to overcome later.]]> 2022-02-06 23:00:15 UTC https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031912088 hannahskidmore202 https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031912181 https://www.bing.com/videos/search?view=detail&mid=608C8AC340C4F32EB502608C8AC340C4F32EB502&q=l2 behaviorist perspective&shtp=GetUrl&shid=fcacf1c3-9106-42af-9455-ead0427fd1fd&form=VDSHOT&shth=OVP.90uzhWfHJAyaFRtNv8NiWgEsCo]]> 2022-02-06 23:00:25 UTC https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031912181 hannahskidmore202 https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031912338 "There are... for us no instincts—we no longer need the term in psychology. Everything we have been in the habit of calling an 'instinct' today is a result largely of training—belonging to man's learned behavior." (John B. Watson)]]> 2022-02-06 23:00:35 UTC https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031912338 hannahskidmore202 https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031912392 (1) the acquisition/learning hypothesis: Krashen asserts that there is a distinct difference between acquiring and learning a second language. He defines acquisition as a natural process that occurs when the target language is used in meaningful interactions with native speakers.
(2) the monitor hypothesis: Krashen proposes that the formal study of language leads to the development of an internal grammar editor or monitor. As the student produces sentences, the monitor “watches” the output to ensure correct usage.
(3) the natural order hypothesis: According to the natural order hypothesis, language learners acquire (rather than learn) the rules of a language in a predictable sequence. That is, certain grammatical features, or morphemes, tend to be acquired early, whereas others tend to be acquired late. 
(4) the input hypothesis: According to the input hypothesis, second language acquisition is the direct result of learners’ understanding the target language in natural communication situations. In other words, comprehensible input is the causative variable in language acquisition.
(5) the affective filter hypothesis: Krashen’s fifth hypothesis addresses affective or social–emotional variables related to second language acquisition. Citing a variety of studies, Krashen concludes that the most important affective variables favoring second language acquisition are a low-anxiety learning environment, student motivation to learn the language, self-confidence, and self-esteem. ]]> 2022-02-06 23:00:43 UTC https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031912392 hannahskidmore202 https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031912546 https://www.bing.com/videos/search?view=detail&mid=D68A5475711EDDE37147D68A5475711EDDE37147&q=krashen's five hypotheses&shtp=GetUrl&shid=feb4588d-dd54-4d15-9513-a802e531bf67&shtk=S3Jhc2hlbidzIEZpdmUgSHlwb3RoZXNlcw%3D%3D&shdk=R29lcyB0aHJvdWdoIGVhY2ggb2YgS3Jhc2hlbidzIGZpdmUgaHlwdG9oZXNlcyBhbmQgaW5jbHVkZXMgdGhlIGJhc2ljIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIHVuZGVyIGVhY2ggaHlwb3RoZXNpcy0tIENyZWF0ZWQgdXNpbmcgUG93VG9vbiAtLSBGcmVlIHNpZ24gdXAgYXQgaHR0cDovL3d3dy5wb3d0b29uLmNvbS95b3V0dWJlLyAtLSBDcmVhdGUgYW5pbWF0ZWQgdmlkZW9zIGFuZCBhbmltYXRlZCBwcmVzZW50YXRpb25zIGZvciBmcmVlLiBQb3dUb29uIGlzIGEgZnJlZSB0b29sIHRoYXQgYWxsb3dzIHlvdSB0byBkZXZlbG9wIGNvb2wgYW5pbWF0ZWQgY2xpcHMgYW5kIGFuaW1hdGVkIHByZXNlbnRhdGlvbnMgZm9yIC4uLg%3D%3D&shhk=xL1oVLIsvom0rCSkgXfTQg5gcD1WNTWnkS%2Bdmz0wGqI%3D&form=VDSHOT&shth=OVP.NGTviBFYRZCUQnpKxxJGLwEsCo]]> 2022-02-06 23:00:59 UTC https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031912546 hannahskidmore202 https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031912656 "People acquire second language when they obtain comprehensible input and when their affective filters are low enough to allow the input in." (Stephen Krashen)]]> 2022-02-06 23:01:10 UTC https://padlet.com/hannahskidmore202/s2sytf97bcfbltn0/wish/2031912656