3MBIO2 Garcia & Laroga Plant Area Benguet by JOSEPH CARL LOUIS LAROGA https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk en-us 2021-05-22 14:10:50 UTC 2024-10-15 09:11:58 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f331.png What is a seed bank? mitchazilegarciasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1558026960 A seed bank is a safekeeping storage facility that stores billions of seeds from all over the world. This includes all strains of each plant species in order to ensure its survival, therefore a seed bank is considered a type of gene bank (Gosling, 2020).

The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is the largest seed vault in the world. It is located in on a remote island between Norway and the North Pole. This location ensures the preservation of the seeds through the permafrost and the thick rock.

Reference:  Gosling, R. (2020). 

What is a seed bank, how does it work and why is it important?. Retrieved from https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2020/12/what-is-a-seed-bank/

]]> 2021-05-25 15:17:28 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1558026960 Why do we have seed banks? mitchazilegarciasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1558069446 A seed bank is the ultimate insurance for the world's food supply especially with the increasing rate of climate change. Through seed banks, a maximum number of plant species are kept from threats such as habitat loss, climate change, pollution, and diseases. Therefore, seed banks are important for the preservation and survival of these seeds.

Reference:  Gosling, R. (2020). 

What is a seed bank, how does it work and why is it important?. Retrieved from https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2020/12/what-is-a-seed-bank/

]]> 2021-05-25 15:26:56 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1558069446 Seed bank in the Philippines mitchazilegarciasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1560765774 Through the support of the UN Global Environmental Facility,  the Cordillera Ecological Center has established community seed banks in the Philippines located in Karao, Lusod, and Caponga. Some of the seeds that are kept in this seed bank include 12 indigenous rice varieties and 29 endemic sweet potato varieties.

Additionally, there is also and established seed library by the Global Seed Savers located Tublay Benguet. The seed library allows farmers to save, replant, and share their seeds to counter loss of food diversity. Click the link below to learn more about their initiative.

Reference: Global Seed Saver. (n.d.). Organic Seed Bank Establishment in Philippines. Retrieved from https://www.globalgiving.org/projects/organic-seed-bank-establishment-in-philippines/]]> 2021-05-26 09:05:11 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1560765774 mitchazilegarciasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1560873767 2021-05-26 10:12:35 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1560873767 10 Native Plants in Benguet mitchazilegarciasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1560894931 Indigenous trees
Dael (Cipadessa baccifera)
Talugtug (Gaultheria leucocarpa)

Exotic species
Itsa (Camellia sinensis)
Sapang (Caesalpinia sappan)

Medicinal plants
Moras (Morus alba)
Bayating (Musa rosacea)
Sarisa (Muntingia calabura)
Baksi (Melastoma polyanthum Blume)

Rice grains
Lab-labi
Lasbakan

]]> 2021-05-26 10:27:16 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1560894931 Arabidopsis Embryogenesis josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1560913119 The development of a plant sporophyte starts with embryogenesis wherein a single-celled zygote is transformed into a multicellular identity contained in a mature seed. There are 5 stages in embryogenesis:

Zygotic stage. Fusion of the haploid egg and sperm to form the single-celled zygote.  A small apical cell and an elongated basal cell is then established.

Globular stage. The apical cell undergoes a series of divisions to generate a spherical, eight-cell (octant) globular embryo. Cell divisions continues resulting into outer layer, the protoderm, which later becomes the epidermis.

Heart stage. Focused cell division in two regions occurs on either side of the future shoot apical meristem to form the two cotyledons, giving the embryo bilateral symmetry.

Torpedo stage. Cell elongation and cellular differentiation processes occur throughout the embryonic axis. Visible distinctions between the adaxial and abaxial tissues of the cotyledons become apparent.

Mature stage. The embryo and seed lose water and become metabolically inactive as they enter dormancy. Storage compounds also accumulate in the cells.

Reference: Taiz L., Zeiger, E., Moller, I., Murphy, A. (2015). Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer Associates
]]> 2021-05-26 10:39:39 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1560913119 Stages in Plant Embryogenesis josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1560953427 2021-05-26 11:06:35 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1560953427 Establishment of the apical-basal and radial axis in early embryogenesis josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561051769 The apical-basal axis extends between the tips of the embryonic root and shoot. While, the radial axis extends from the center to the surface across vascular, ground and epidermal tissues (Taiz et al., 2015)]]> 2021-05-26 12:02:56 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561051769 Genes that are essential for embryo organization josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561082379 GURKE (GK): encodes an acetyl-CoA carboxylase and appears to be crucial for proper patterning of the apical portion of the embryo.
 
FACKEL (FK) encodes a sterol C-14 reductase, suggesting that sterols are critical for pattern formation during embryogenesis.
 
GNOM (GN): encodes a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), which enables the directional transport of auxin by establishing a polar distribution of PIN auxin efflux carriers. 
 
MONOPTEROS (MP): encodes an auxin response transcription factor (ARF) and are necessary for the normal formation of basal elements such as the root and hypocotyl.

Reference: Taiz L., Zeiger, E., Moller, I., Murphy, A. (2015). Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer Associates

]]> 2021-05-26 12:16:52 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561082379 Auxin: A Critical Hormone in Embryogenesis josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561115134  Auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, or IAA) and its synthetic analogs are known as morphogens, as they can be used to induce the formation of embryos from somatic cells and can elicit specific concentration-dependent responses in target tissues. Moreover, they function as mobile chemical signal.

Reference: Taiz L., Zeiger, E., Moller, I., Murphy, A. (2015). Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer Associates]]> 2021-05-26 12:29:41 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561115134 Seed Germination josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561145454 2021-05-26 12:40:08 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561145454 Phases of water uptake by seed josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561248216 Phase I. The dry seed takes up water rapidly by the process of imbibition.

Phase II. Water uptake by imbibition declines and metabolic processes, including transcription and translation, are reinitiated. The embryo expands, and the radicle emerges from the seed coat. 

Phase III. Water uptake resumes due to a decrease in y as the seedling grows, and the stored food reserves of the seed are fully mobilized.

Reference: Taiz L., Zeiger, E., Moller, I., Murphy, A. (2015). Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer Associates

]]> 2021-05-26 13:10:12 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561248216 Mobilization of food reserves josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561259989 Food reserves are mobilized during germination with the help of a plant hormone that  regulates stem elongation, seed dormancy and germination.

Specifically, Gibberellin stimulates the aleurone cells present in the aleurone layer situated around the endosperm. The activation of aleurone cells releases an enzyme that breaks the stored food and mobilize it towards the maturing part. 

Gibberellins secreted by the embryo also enhance the transcription of α-amylase mRNA, which initiates starch degradation 

Reference: Taiz L., Zeiger, E., Moller, I., Murphy, A. (2015). Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer Associates]]> 2021-05-26 13:13:13 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561259989 Tropism josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561297578 Tropism are directional growth responses in relation to environmental stimuli caused by the asymmetric growth of the plant axis (stem or root). Tropisms may be positive (growth toward the stimulus) or negative (growth away from the stimulus).

Types of tropism:
Gravitropism - growth in response to gravity, involves in the lateral distribution of auxin
Phototropism - growth in respone to light
Thigmotropism - growth in response to touch

Reference: Taiz L., Zeiger, E., Moller, I., Murphy, A. (2015). Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer Associates

]]> 2021-05-26 13:22:40 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561297578 Embryogenesis josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561501732 2021-05-26 14:10:02 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561501732 Seed Bank josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561524267 2021-05-26 14:15:03 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561524267 Seed Germination Tips josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561554108 2021-05-26 14:22:12 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561554108 Seed Dormancy josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561571279 2021-05-26 14:26:18 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561571279 Parts of a seed josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561583863 2021-05-26 14:29:19 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561583863 Embryogenesis differs between eudicots and monocots josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561607959 2021-05-26 14:35:12 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561607959 Svalbard Seed Vault josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561635802 2021-05-26 14:41:57 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561635802 Kew Millennium Seed Bank josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561639441 2021-05-26 14:42:51 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561639441 Must watch! josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561645796 2021-05-26 14:44:26 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561645796 Seed Dormancy mitchazilegarciasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561671269 Seed dormancy has been defined as the incapacity of a viable seed to germinate under favorable conditions (Finch-Savage & Leubner-Metzger, 2006). It is classified into five categories:

References: Baskin, J. M. & Baskin, C.C. (2004). A classification system for seed dormancy. Seed Science Research 14:1–16
Finch-Savage, W. E. & Leubner-Metzger G. (2006). Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytologist Foundation.
Marchetti, R. (2012). Evaluation of Four Treatments to Break Seed Dormancy of Sunflower Inbreds.
]]> 2021-05-26 14:50:22 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561671269 Physiological Dormancy mitchazilegarciasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561676592 Physiological dormancy (PD) is the most prevalent dormancy form in temperate seed banks and the most abundant dormancy class found in seeds of gymnosperms and all major angiosperm clades. PD prevents embryonic development until chemical changes occur, therefore it can be relieved by periods of moist chilling stratification. In the natural environment, seeds break their dormancy through the moist ground during winter in order to germinate during spring. Examples of seeds that exhibit PD are Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) and Lactuca sativa (lettuce).]]> 2021-05-26 14:51:35 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561676592 Morphological Dormancy mitchazilegarciasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561681045 Morphological dormancy (MD)  means that embryos require time to differentiate and grow inside the diaspores before germination occurs, which is usually within 30 days after dispersal (Baskin and Baskin 2004). Apium graveolens (celery) exhibits MD. These seeds simply need more time in order to germinate.]]> 2021-05-26 14:52:39 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561681045 Metabolic Process During Seed Germination (Must read journal article) josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561681637 2021-05-26 14:52:48 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561681637 Morphophysiological Dormancy mitchazilegarciasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561682890 Morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) is characterized by underdeveloped embryos in addition to physiological dormancy. These seeds require more time to grow and treatment such as scarification to overcome PD. Trollius (Ranunculaceae) and  Fraxinus excelsior (Oleaceae)]]> 2021-05-26 14:53:05 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561682890 Physical Dormancy mitchazilegarciasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561685473 Physical dormancy (PY) is caused by impermeable seed coats that prevent water uptake and therefore creating a physical barrier. Water repellent compounds such as cutin are responsible for this limitation. PY can be broken by making the external layer permeable water by removing the seed coat. In the natural environment, seeds break their dormancy through factors such as high temperatures and passage through animal digestive tracts. Rhus spp and Trigonella are examples of seeds that go through PY.]]> 2021-05-26 14:53:42 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561685473 Combinational Dormancy mitchazilegarciasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561692190 Combinational dormancy is a combination of physical and physiological dormancy. In order to overcome this barrier, seeds need to break the PY first to allow water permeability and then PD through scarification. Geranium spp and Trifolium are examples of seeds that go through combinational dormancy.]]> 2021-05-26 14:55:19 UTC https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561692190 References josephcarllarogasci https://padlet.com/josephcarllarogasci/s2lbcnstiamx3ctk/wish/1561799656 Balangcod, T. D. & Balangcod, K. D. (2018). Plants and Culture: Plant utilization among the local communities in Kabayan, Benguet Province, Philippines. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 17(4), oo 609-622

Chua-Barcelo, R. T. (2014). Ethno-botanical survey of edible wild fruits in Benguet, Cordillera administrative region, the Philippines. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine, 4(Suppl 1), S525–S538. https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.201414B36

Sajise, E. E., Borromeo, T. H., Altoveros, N. C., Bon, S. G. (2012). Traditional Rice in Central Cordillera, Philippines: Dynamics of On-Farm Management of Varietal Diversity. Journal of Developments in Sustainable Agriculture &: 75-88

Tacloy, J. G. (2015). Species Profile and Associated Indigenous Knowledge of Trees and Shrubs used as tea in Benguet. Benguet State University
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