PBL 2 Summary by SARANIA A/P TAMIL CHELVAN / UPM https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h 1) Canine distemper and Canine Parvovirus 2) Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus 3) Haemonchus contortus and Coccidiosis en-us 2023-01-20 08:22:13 UTC 2023-01-22 14:05:05 UTC hello@padlet.com What we know https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451884563
  • This disease is highly infectious among canine 
  • Canine distemper virus is a paramyxovirus
  • Transmission: aerosol droplet secretions from infected animals 
  • Virus replicates in the lymphatic tissue of the respiratory tract 
  • Systemic clinical signs - fever, lethargy, loss of appetite
  • Respiratory signs - nasal discharge, pneumonia
  • GI signs - diarrhea
  • Neurologic complications - muscle spasm, seizures
    • ]]>     2023-01-21 14:40:14 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451884563     What we want to know https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451884781
  • Differences between Canine Distemper Virus and Canine Parvovirus
  • Types of vaccines that are available to prevent this viral infection
  • Vaccination program for this disease
  • Immune responses towards vaccines and disease
  • Methods to detect or identify the virus and diagnosis of the disease
  • Pathogen-related factors that are important to be detected/diagnosed
    • ]]>     2023-01-21 14:40:46 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451884781     What we learned https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451885422 Identification of the Virus
    • Envelope of the canine distemper virus involves 2 integral membrane proteins, the fusion (F) and the haemagglutinin (H) proteins. 

    Types of vaccine available 
    • Modified live virus vaccine (induces immune response similar to natural infection - Nobivac) 
    • Recombinant vaccine (express surface protein of CDV - Recombitek)

    Vaccination programme
    • Not recommended to provide vaccination to young puppies below six weeks of age due to high maternal antibody which can interfere with the vaccine, hence neutralization occur and no antibody response. After 6 weeks, 4 doses are given up until 16 weeks. Since the disease is endemic, it is recommended to do annual booster.
    • First dose: 6-8 weeks
    • Second dose: 10-12 weeks
    • Third dose: 16-18 weeks
    • Booster given annually after third dose

    Immune response
    • Vaccine induces both activation of CD4 and CD8 T cell which leads to production of memory B cells and memory CD8 T cells
    • Primary infection requires the isotype switch of IgM to IgG to produce memory B cell, secondary infection straight away induces IgG production due to stimulation of antigen to the memory B cell

    Diagnostic assays
    • Necropsy and histology - spleen, lymph nodes, tonsil
    • ELISA - detect antibody within CSF and serum; red-top tube
    • Fluoresceneincity hybridization (FISH) - biopsies from the footpad / haired skin of the dorsal neck
    ]]>     2023-01-21 14:42:23 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451885422     What we know https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451888354
  • Unvaccinated dogs and puppies younger than four months old are the most at risk
  • Affects dogs' gastrointestinal tracts 
  • Spread by direct contact with other dogs 
  • Contact with contaminated feces (stool), environments, or people 
  • Clinical signs are lethargy, loss of appetite, abdominal pain , fever or (hypothermia) vomiting
  • Parvovirus is highly contagious
  • Deaths from parvovirus occur within 48 to 72 hours following onset of infection
    • ]]>     2023-01-21 14:48:40 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451888354     What we know https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451890688
  • NDV is a negative ssRNA type of virus, thus, RT-PCR is used, aside from virus isolation, HA and HI test, ELISA for diagnostic methods
  • NDV belongs to the same family as canine distemper virus, which is paramyxoviridae.
  • NDV infected poultry shows clinical signs such as diarrhea, tremors, paralysis of leg, coughing and sneezing
  • Administration of vaccine induces both CMI (kill infected cell) and humoral responses (neutralize virus)
  • NDV contains hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein (H protein) which play important role in virus attachment, alongside the fusion protein (F protein)
    • ]]>     2023-01-21 14:53:46 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451890688     What we want to know https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451890881
  • Differences between NDV and Avian Influenza virus
  • Types of vaccines that are available to prevent this viral infection
  • Ways to classify the vaccine strain
  • Vaccination program for this disease
  • Immune responses towards vaccines and disease
  • Methods to detect or identify the virus and diagnosis of the disease
  • Pathogen-related factors that are important to be detected/diagnosed

    • ]]>     2023-01-21 14:54:13 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451890881     What we learned https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451890947
  • Types of vaccines available are live vaccine and inactivated vaccine
  • Ways to classify the vaccine strain: lentogenic vs mesogenic. Lentogenic=low virulence and low mortality, mesogenic=moderate virulence but high mortality (>50%). When use vaccine, lentogenic strained is used.
  • Live vaccine induces mucosal immunity, CMI and humoral immunity
  • Inactivated vaccine induces lower immune response
  • Live vaccines are more preferred due to CMI responses to kill viruses
  • CMI response is based on the vaccine type and strain virulence. 
  • CMI response based on vaccine type - live vaccine induces MHC I and MHC II ; inactivated vaccine induces MHC II
  • CMI response based on virulent strain - avirulent induces weaker CMI ; virulent strain induces stronger and longer CMI
  • Diagnostic assays for detection are immune colloidal gold technique test and ELISA
    • ]]>     2023-01-21 14:54:23 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451890947     What we want to know https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451891102
  • Differences between Canine Distemper Virus and Canine Parvovirus
  • Types of vaccines that are available to prevent this viral infection
  • Vaccination program for this disease
  • Immune responses towards vaccines and disease
  • Methods to detect or identify the virus and diagnosis of the disease
  • Pathogen-related factors that are important to be detected/diagnosed

    • ]]>     2023-01-21 14:54:45 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451891102     What we learned https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451891164 Types of vaccine available 
    • Modified live virus vaccine (induces immune response similar to natural infection - Nobivac)
    • Killed vaccine (requires longer time to induce immunity - Vanguard Plus)  
    • Recombinant vaccine (express surface protein of CDV - Recombitek)

    Vaccination programme
    • Not recommended to provide vaccination to young puppies below six weeks of age due to high maternal antibody which can interfere with the vaccine, hence neutralization occur and no antibody response. After 6 weeks, 4 doses are given up until 16 weeks. Since the disease is endemic, it is recommended to do annual booster.
    • First dose: 6-8 weeks
    • Second dose: 10-12 weeks
    • Third dose: 16-18 weeks
    • Booster given annually after third dose

    Immune response
    • Vaccine induces both activation of CD4 and CD8 T cell which leads to production of memory B cells and memory CD8 T cells
    • Primary infection requires the isotype switch of IgM to IgG to produce memory B cell, secondary infection straight away induces IgG production due to stimulation of antigen to the memory B cell

    Diagnostic assays
    • Detection is either based on antigen or based on real-time. Most of the detection based on real-time is more sensitive, which can detect the virus more better than antigen-based detection. On the other hand, antigen-based detection can detect actual clinical cases of animals that are already sick.
    • Conventional PCR - amplify gene fragment that encodes for structural protein
    • CBC - WBC measurement
    • Hemagglutination test - some lack hemagglutination activity
    ]]>     2023-01-21 14:54:54 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451891164     What we know https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451892905
  • Negative ssRNA virus
  • Zoonotic
  • Clinical signs depend on whether it is LPAI or HPAI
  • LPAI shows symptom such as respiratory distress (sneezing, coughing, ocular nasal discharge), swollen infraorbital sinuses and reduced egg production meanwhile HPAI induce c/s like oedema, petechial hemorrhage on visceral organ and muscle, red leg discoloration, greenish diarrhea and subsequently, death
  • Share the same diagnosis method with NDV
  • It induces humoral immune response
    • ]]>     2023-01-21 14:59:05 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451892905     What we want to know https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451893287
  • The transmission method 
  • The vaccines available
  • The diagnosis method 
  • How does the vaccine work for the virus
  • Differences between avian influenza and Newcastle disease
  • Differences between monoclonal and polyclonal antibody

    • ]]>     2023-01-21 14:59:55 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451893287     What we learned https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451893791
  • Types of vaccine available are inactivated vaccine (homologous H5N1  & heterologous H5N2) and recombinant vaccine (Recombinant H5N1 vaccine and Fowlpox Recombinant AI vaccine) 
  • These vaccines induce humoral immunity against specific protein - Haemagglutinin (main protective immunity) and Neuraminidase (partially protective immunity) 
  • Other diagnostic assays that can be conducted are rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT), agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) Test, RTPCR (must use specific primer).
  • Matrix gene assay can detect all type A AI only, won't specifically detect the subtypes of haemagglutinin proteins, unless specific primer is used.
  • Monoclonal antibody is the antibody that is directed against the single epitope only, opposite of polyclonal antibody which is directed against multiple epitopes.
    • ]]>     2023-01-21 15:00:56 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451893791     What we know https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451894284
  • Deadly virus that affects chicken
  • Caused by a parasite that infects different parts of the intestine, which is the Eimeria tenella.
  • Affects chicken’s production rate and growth
  • Infected usually because of ingestion of oocysts
  • Poor management of the poultry farm induces this disease
    • ]]>     2023-01-21 15:01:59 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451894284     What we want to know https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451894621
  • Transmission method
  • Clinical signs of the infected chickens
  • Immune response against the infection 
  • Diagnostic tests that can be carried out 
    • ]]>     2023-01-21 15:02:40 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451894621     What we learned https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451894838
  • Anti-coccidial drugs that are available are coccidiostats (inhibit the growth - monensin, buquinolate) and coccidiocides (kill coccidia oocyst during development- sulphonamides). Oocyte-based, sporulated vaccines are also given, either attenuated or non-attenuated.
  • Immune responses against this parasites involve TH1 (macrophage, CtL, NK cell) and TH2 (eosinophil, mast cell, basophil, B cell and antibodies)
  • Diagnostic tests that can be carried out fecal examination and postmortem examination
    • ]]>     2023-01-21 15:03:13 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451894838     What we know https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451896958
  • One of ruminants strongyle (Strongylida)
  • A.k.a ‘Barber’s pole’
  • Female is prolific/ fecund
  • Short larval development (egg to L3)
  • L3 survives for 6-7 weeks
  • PGE 
  • PGE is a disease complex associated with a number of nematode species (mostly strongyles) either singly or in combination
  • PGE is characterized mainly by diarrhea & weight loss (clinical disease) or less than optimum production (subclinical disease)
    • ]]>     2023-01-21 15:08:09 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451896958     What we want to know https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451897002
  • Type of vaccine used
  • How does the vaccine works
  • Different diagnosis methods 
  • Primary immune system that plays a major role in clearing out this infection
  • How immune system mechanism works against parasitic infection 
    • ]]>     2023-01-21 15:08:17 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451897002     What we learned https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451897054
  • The vaccines available are live non-attenuated vaccines and live attenuated vaccine 
  • Live non-attenuated vaccine contains original pathogenicity of occyst - Immucox
  • Live attenuated vaccine contain low virulent occyst - Paracox
  • Immune responses involve gastric hypersecretion & goblet cell hyperplasia, complement pathway activation, mast cell degranulation and parasite interaction with macrophage, NK cell and basophil
  • Protective immunity involves vaccination (antibody production) and anthelmintics (kill larva or adults - Benzimidazoles & Avermectins)
  • Detection and diagnosis tests can be carried out are fecal culture, McMaster, Fluorescein-labeled peanut agglutinin test (FLPA Test)
    • ]]>     2023-01-21 15:08:26 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2451897054     Differences Between Canine Distemper Virus & Canine Parvovirus 2073471 https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2452300550 2023-01-22 13:20:27 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2452300550 Differences between Avian Influenza Virus & Newcastle Disease Virus 2073471 https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2452315694 2023-01-22 13:58:04 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/s0ud5mewe8ao567h/wish/2452315694