Information = Context and understanding based on the datas

Knowledge = How the climate change happen, the causes and the effects

Average global winter temperatures in 2024 is 1 degrees celcius

source : IPCC

Information : There is an increase of 3 degrees celcius in average global winter temperatures

Knowledge : The rise in global temperatures can result in increasing rates of polar ice cap melting which can lead in rising sea levels that threatens coastal community

Information: Show the context between the related object and the related condition based on the data

Knowledge: Show the context and the impact and reason behind the change

Data, Information, and Knowledge

Data:

Annual average temperature

2019 53.6 F

2020 55.7 F

2021 56.3 F

2022 55.9 F

2023 55.6 F

source: US national weather service

Information:

After analyzing the data, it clearly shows that the annual average temperature has a trend to rise since 2019 until 2023

Knowledege:

The increasing trend of the annual average temperature is caused by both long-term and short-term impact of human activities that produce pollutions, such as excessive combustions and use of energy and deforestation.

Data:

-Raw information or facts that show in the world like Melting gletser, Increasing sea level, High temperature, etc.

Information:

- Proceed data or the description :

sea level that increasing 3m since 1980 until 2000 and increasing temperature from 25degree to 30degree

Knowledge:

In recent years there has been an increase in sea level due to melting ice at the poles

Information = the report and organised fact of the data which is conclude and includes causes of the occurrence.

Knowledge = The result of the experience that is compact and justified by truth and believed by many. Such as the change of climate change causes the polar bear to loss habitat that lead to an extinct.

> CO₂ concentration measured at Mauna Loa Observatory in 2024: 422 parts per million (ppm).

Information (contextualized text):

> “CO₂ levels have increased by over 50% since pre-industrial times (280 ppm → 422 ppm).”

Knowledge (understanding):

> “Increasing greenhouse gas concentrations (esp. CO₂) are the primary driver of climate change, leading to global warming, sea level rise, and extreme weather.”

Example: Average sea temperature in the span of 5 years or more, sea level measurements in the last 9 years gathered from book archives, data of biodiversity of an area taken by population square test

Information: Context regarding the data, gathered either from analyzing said data or gathered from interviews. The "raw" information is to be further discussed and analyzed to create the main information of the analysis

Example: Sea temperatures are rising, Biodiversity is dying out in some places but is thriving on some other, local activities that affects the data

Knowledge: Concrete information of the best information we have as of the time being, regarded as truth and defended by heavy proofs

Example: Global warming is happening, and is accelerated by human activity

Data (Raw observations) : Ice mass measurements, temperature records, sea level measurements, and glacial lake monitoring.

Information (Structured data) : Ice Loss Rates, Sea Level Rise Contributions, Temperature Anomalies, Coastal Impact Data.

Knowledge (Understanding relationships) : Sea Level Rise Mechanism, Albedo Effect, Glacier Dynamics, Glacial Lake Flood Risks

This graph from the World Bank shows Indonesia’s GDP growth rate (annual percentage) between 1961–2024.

ℹ Information

The line shows that Indonesia's Economy fluctuates but stays mostly positive, with sharp Downturns in 1998 (When the Asian Financial Crisis Hit) and 2020 (Occurance of COVID-19 pandemic). In the 2000s–2010s, growth is relatively stable with an average around 5% growth.

📝 Knowledge

The data allows us to claim that Indonesia's economy is a resilient emerging economy, though prone to crisis shocks. Indonesia still manages to recover its economy. However, GDP growth only tells part of the story, leaving out inequality, environmental damage, and social well-being

From that data we can know that the temperature of Indonesia is increasing every year in line with the increasing of carbon dioxide production in Indonesia

The knowledge :

Based on the data and the Information people get knowledge the increase of carbon dioxide affect the increase of the temperature. Or we can say that the knowledge is the causes of increasing temperature in Indonesia.

Data: Data is usually quantity for instance the average temperature measurement over the past year, the length of rise in seawater and average carbon emmisions.

Information: From the data acquired we can make a table which can then be converted in to a diagram that represents the trends of the variables of the data

Knowledge: The trends from the diagram then is caused by the rise in carbon pollution that results in predicting the rise of seawater levels for the next years

Data : raw numbers, direct measurements.

Ex. 15.6°C (temperature), 422 ppm (CO2 concentration), 3.6 mm (sea level rise)

Information : processed data and given context.

Ex. CO₂ concentration has risen by more than 50% since 1850, Sea level is rising twice as fast as in the 20th century

Knowledge : the understanding and awareness gained from interpreting information

Ex. Warming above 2°C could lead to irreversible ecosystem damage, Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary cause of global warming.

Information = Data that has been processed, analyzed, or given context so that it has meaning and can be understood.

Knowledge = The result of processing information combined with experience, understanding, and analysis so that it can be used to make decisions or solve problems.

Information: Proceed data, effect of it.

Knowledge: How to predict the climate change

Information: The structured datas that include context and meanings. Example: Global temperatures have significantly increased, with the last decade being the warmest on record, leading to more frequent extreme weather events, melting ice, rising sea levels, disrupted ecosystems, and negative impacts on human health and food security.

Knowledge: The understanding or explanation of the climate change. Example: Climate change refers to the long-term rise in Earth's average temperature, driven by human activities that increase greenhouse gas concentrations, primarily from burning fossil fuels.

Data : The raw numbers and facts like the daily measurements of temperatures every year.

Information : We can conclude a trend based on the data in the past few years.

Knowledge : We can predict how the climate will change in the future based on the trend and do something to prevent it.

• The May 2025 global surface temperature was 1.10°C (1.98°F).

• May 2025 was the second-warmest May on record.

• Global sea ice extent was 550.000 square miles below the 1991–2020 average.

• Northern Hemisphere snow cover was 370.000 square miles below average

Information:

• Despite some cooler regions (such as parts of Alaska, eastern Europe, India), most of the world experienced above-average temperatures.

• Reduced snow cover and sea ice extent indicate ongoing global warming trend in the Arctic and Antarctic.

Knowledge:

• The global temperature increase is caused by humans, mainly driven by greenhouse gas emissions.

Simply, in this case, there is vast amounts of raw data (quantitative, can be measured).

The raw data is then processed to be information such as reports from NCEI (qualitative).

These informations then builds knowledge about the causes of climate change that primarily comes from human (anthropogenic) which is green house gas emissions.

Information : Greenhouse gas emission is rising in Indonesia which result in warmer temperature

Knowledge : The increase in temperature result in many unusual things that happen with our weather and climate

Example:
A list of daily carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration readings measured in parts per million (ppm) at Mauna Loa Observatory:

• 418 ppm

• 419 ppm

• 420 ppm

(These numbers alone are just data, no interpretation yet.)

2. Information: Data that has been organized, processed, or structured so that it has meaning or relevance.

Example:
Calculating the annual average CO₂ concentration from the daily readings above, and noting that it has risen from 419 ppm in 2023 to 421 ppm in 2024.
This shows a trend (increase), so the raw data now becomes meaningful information.

3. Knowledge: Insights, understanding, or know-how derived from analyzing and interpreting information. Knowledge enables decisions and action.

Example:
Understanding from scientific studies that rising CO₂ levels cause the greenhouse effect to intensify, leading to global warming and more extreme weather events.
This is knowledge, people can use it to develop climate policies, renewable energy strategies, or emission-reduction targets.

Data:

-) Daily CO2 concentration readings: 420 ppm, 421 ppm, 422 ppm.

-) Global average temperature anomalies: +1.2°C (2020), +1.3°C (2021).

-) Sea level rise measured by satellites: 3.3 mm per year.

Information:

-) From 1880 to about 1940, temperatures were generally below the baseline (cooler by up to –0.25°C).

-) The global average temperature increase from 1980 until 2020.

Knowledge:

-) Understanding that burning fossil fuels increases greenhouse gases, which trap heat and cause global warming.

-) Recognizing that rising sea levels threaten coastal cities, so adaptation strategies (like sea walls or relocation) are needed.

Data:

Basic information of what is happening in the earth. E.g the average number temperature of the earth's surface.

Information:

What we can conclude from the data. E.g. the rising average number of the earth's surface which can harm the earth

Knowledge:

Its the complex information to full fill our curiosity. E.g. the rising of temperature which are due to human activities

Information: Assorted data, with the context already provided and clear objective, Example :
Habitat degradation and loss are the most reported threats, but climate change is a major factor, particularly noted in Latin America. 

Knowledge: Knowledge is informations that's already been proven, and understood, Example : Global warming is the long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature, primarily caused by human activities that release heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane

information is defined as data that has been organized, processed, interpreted, and contextualized to provide meaning and value. For example, the data shows that the highest temperature occurs between 1991 to 2020.

Knowledge is The information, understanding and skills that you gain through education or experience. E.g. The Result of the rising temperature is global warming, which resulting the melt of the ice in the poles and rising sea levels.

The chart shows annual age-standardized death rates from cardiovascular diseases between 1950 and 2023 in six countries: Brazil, the United States, Germany, Canada, Australia, and France. In 1950, most countries recorded 450–520 deaths per 100,000 people, except France which was lower at about 320. By 2023, the rates had fallen to around 150–230 per 100,000, with France lowest (~150) and Brazil highest (~230).

Information

Over time, all countries saw a steady decline, especially from the 1970s to the 2000s when the rates dropped sharply. France has consistently had the lowest death rate, while Brazil started its decline later and still remains highest.

Knowledge

The decline can be explained by medical progress (new treatments, heart surgery, drugs for blood pressure and cholesterol), combined with public health measures such as anti-smoking campaigns and greater awareness of diet and exercise. The differences between countries show how healthcare access, lifestyle, and socioeconomic conditions affect outcomes.

Conclusion

Death rates from cardiovascular diseases have fallen dramatically over the last 70 years, showing major progress in medicine and public health. However, not all countries have benefited equally: France maintains the lowest rates, while Brazil lags behind. This suggests that continued focus on prevention, treatment, and reducing health inequalities is still necessary.

Data :

• 2023 global average temperature: 1.2°C higher than pre-industrial levels.

• CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere: 420 ppm (parts per million).

• Arctic sea ice extent: 12% decrease per decade since 1979.

Information :

• global temperatures have risen significantly compared to 100 years ago.

• current CO₂ levels are the highest in the last 800,000 years.

• the Arctic is shrinking at an alarming rate.

Knowledge :

• Because higher CO₂ levels cause rising temperatures, burning fossil fuels is the main driver of global warming.

• Because melting ice raises sea levels, coastal cities are at risk of flooding.

• Therefore, solutions include reducing emissions, switching to renewable energy, and reforestation.

Data:

• The red line in graph represent the temperature at a specific month in 2024

• The orange line in graph represent the temperature at a specific month in 2023

Information:

• It is now virtually certain that the year 2024 will be the warmest in the ERA5 reanalysis dataset, going back to 1940, based on the data available through October. The month was the second-warmest October globally, after October 2023, with an average surface air temperature of 15.25°C, 0.80ºC above the 1991-2002 average for the month. October 2024 was 1.65ºC above pre-industrial level, marking the 15th month in a 16-month period with average temperatures above the 1.5ºC threshold set by the Paris Agreement.

Knowledge:

• Human-driven warming – The record heat aligns with long-term trends caused mainly by greenhouse gas emissions, though El Niño added short-term effects.

• Threshold significance – Passing +1.5 °C in 2024 is symbolically important but policy targets are based on multi-decade averages.

From the graphic shown surrounding on women's education distribution in the US and how it corresponds to their diversity, we can conclude as such:

Data

From the chart, the percentages of educational attainment (2023) for women aged 25+ by race/ethnicity are:

• White women

  • Less than HS: 24.5%

  • HS: 19.2%

  • Some college: 34.6%

  • Advanced degree: 16.6%

• Black women

  • Less than HS: 10.1%

  • HS: 27.6%

  • Some college: 23.0%

  • Advanced degree: 12.5%

• Hispanic women

  • Less than HS: 24.8%

  • HS: 26.8%

  • Some college: 17.5%

  • Advanced degree: 7.9%

• AIAN (American Indian/Alaska Native) women

  • Less than HS: 19.5%

  • HS: 28.2%

  • Some college: 23.1%

  • Advanced degree: 22.4%

• AAPI (Asian American/Pacific Islander) women

  • Less than HS: 12.5%

  • HS: 14.7%

  • Some college: 10.5%

  • Advanced degree: 38.5%

  • College: 23.8%

    
    

  Information

  - AAPI women have the largest share with college (38.5%) and advanced degrees (23.8%).

  
  

  - Hispanic women have the highest share with less than high school (24.8%) and the lowest share with advanced degrees (7.9%).

  
  

  - White women show the largest proportion with “some college” (34.6%).
  Black and AIAN women have relatively similar distributions across categories, with many finishing high school but fewer progressing to advanced degrees.

  
  

  Knowledge
  - AAPI women are more likely to achieve higher education compared to other groups, while Hispanic and AIAN women face greater barriers.

  
  - For Hispanics and AIAN, the relatively high share with only high school or less suggests systemic challenges (e.g., economic inequality, access to resources, cultural/structural barriers).

  
  - Since education is linked to employment opportunities, income, and social mobility, these differences may reinforce existing socioeconomic disparities across racial/ethnic groups.

  
  

example:

X3 10 students score before matriculation program: 67,69,78,56,81,83,49,45,76,87

X3 10 Students score after matriculation program: 75,78,81,68,86,90,68,68,82,93

2. Information: data that has been processed, turning raw data into more structured data that is easier to convert into knowledge

   example:

   Average X3 10 students score before matriculation program: 69.1

   Average X3 10 Students score after matriculation program: 78.9

3. Knowledge: when information is interpreted, connected, and justified to draw meaningful conclusions. Knowledge goes beyond just describing averages — it explains what they mean and why they matter.

Example:

• The average score of the 10 students increased from 69.1 before the matriculation program to 78.9 after.

• This shows that the matriculation program had a positive impact on student performance.

  
  

Basic facts that is still raw ( not processed ) about what's happening on earth. E.g :

1. from 2001-2019, the Forests emitted on average 8.1 billion metric tons CO₂/year due to deforestation & disturbances, while absorbing ~16 billion metric tons CO₂/year.

2. The temperature from 1890 is around 0.3 and on 2010 the temperature is around 0.8

Information:

Facts that has been processed from datas to conclude the meaning and the value. Examples:

1. From 2001-2019, the forests emit decreases over time, which add massive amounts of CO₂ to the atmosphere.

2. The temperatures are rising drastically, leading to global warming

Knowledge :

Information we can conclude. For example:

Due to Human activities like deforestation, it causes a rising temperature leading to climate change

-> Line graph above shows the abrupt and the gradual effect on Antartica during the last glacial period

INOFRMATION : data that has been processed, organized, or structured to provide meaning and context, transforming it from raw facts into something useful.
ared conclusion.
-> This graph shows how climate changed in the past. In Greenland, temperatures went up and down very quickly, changing by about 10–15°C. In Antarctica, the changes were slower and smaller, only about 2–3°C. This means climate shifts can happen suddenly in some places but more gradually in others.

KNOWLEDGE : facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject.

-> The scientific consensus that the Earth is warming due to human activities like burning fossil fuels and the physical signs of climate change such as melting glaciers and rising sea levels

Example: A chart showing the trend of global temperatures rising by 1.1°C since pre-industrial times.

Information: Data that has been organized, processed, or structured so that it has meaning or relevance.
Example:
When the data above is analyzed, scientists find that the global mean temperature has increased by about 1.2 °C since the pre-industrial era (1880–2023).

• Graphs of GMT show that the rise has been accelerating especially since the 1970s, coinciding with rapid industrialization and fossil fuel consumption.

• Records also show that 9 of the 10 warmest years ever recorded occurred after 2010, demonstrating a clear pattern of recent warming.

At this stage, the raw numbers are no longer isolated. They now reveal a meaningful trend: the Earth is consistently getting warmer.

Knowledge: Knowledge is the deeper understanding, insight, or expertise gained by interpreting information in context.
Example:
Scientific understanding: The rising GMT is strongly linked to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (like CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O), which are largely the result of human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and large-scale industrial practices.

Impacts: Knowledge helps us understand that higher global temperatures contribute to polar ice melting, sea level rise, extreme weather events (heatwaves, hurricanes, droughts), and disrupted ecosystems.

Definition

DATA :

data is a raw fact or sequence that are not arranged yet or still plain (in form of resource or transcation)

Information :

Information is data that already procces to form a thing that is useful for the one who receive it and useful for decision making that is made right now or for the future

Knowledge :

knowledge is a combination form by instinct, principle, rules and procedur that lead toan action or a decision making

Information that was combine with our experience in the past and our skill will give us a knowledge that for sure has a very high value

in conclusion knowledge is the understanding someone have about fact, information, description, skill that obtain by our past experience, study or training

STUDY CASE

DATA :

• Since the late 19th century, Earth’s average surface temperature has increased by about 1.1°C (NASA, 2024).

• The last 8 years (2016–2023) have been the warmest on record.

• Arctic sea ice is declining at a rate of 13% per decade (NOAA).

• Global sea levels have risen by ~21–24 cm since 1880, with the rate doubling in the last 20 years.

• Human activities release around 37 billion tonnes of CO₂ annually (Global Carbon Project, 2023).

INFORMATION :

• It leads to rising global temperatures, melting ice caps, sea-level rise, and more frequent extreme weather events (storms, floods, droughts, heatwaves).

• The main driver is the greenhouse effect: gases like CO₂, CH₄ (methane), and N₂O trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere.

• International efforts like the Paris Agreement aim to limit global warming to below 1.5–2°C compared to pre-industrial levels.

KNOWLEDGE :

• Even a small increase in temperature (like 1.5°C vs 2°C) makes a huge difference:

  • 1.5°C = fewer heatwaves, lower risk of coral reef death, less flooding.

  • 2°C = far higher risks of food shortages, mass migration, biodiversity loss.

• Developing countries are often the most vulnerable, despite contributing the least to emissions.

• Transitioning to renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro), improving energy efficiency, and protecting forests are key solutions.

Data:

• 2001 – Fire: 2.5 M ha; Non-fire: 13 M ha

• 2002 – Fire: 3.0 M ha; Non-fire: 16 M ha

• 2003 – Fire: 3.8 M ha; Non-fire: 14.5 M ha

• 2004 – Fire: 5.0 M ha; Non-fire: 15 M ha

• 2005 – Fire: 4.8 M ha; Non-fire: 15.2 M ha

• 2006 – Fire: 4.5 M ha; Non-fire: 13.5 M ha

• 2007 – Fire: 4.3 M ha; Non-fire: 13.7 M ha

• 2008 – Fire: 4.1 M ha; Non-fire: 14.2 M ha

• 2009 – Fire: 4.0 M ha; Non-fire: 14.7 M ha

• 2010 – Fire: 3.8 M ha; Non-fire: 14 M ha

• 2011 – Fire: 4.0 M ha; Non-fire: 13.5 M ha

• 2012 – Fire: 6.0 M ha; Non-fire: 17 M ha

• 2013 – Fire: 6.5 M ha; Non-fire: 20 M ha

• 2014 – Fire: 6.7 M ha; Non-fire: 21 M ha

• 2015 – Fire: 6.0 M ha; Non-fire: 19 M ha

• 2016 – Fire: 6.5 M ha; Non-fire: 22.5 M ha

• 2017 – Fire: 9.0 M ha; Non-fire: 20.5 M ha

• 2018 – Fire: 9.5 M ha; Non-fire: 19.5 M ha

• 2019 – Fire: 8.5 M ha; Non-fire: 17.5 M ha

• 2020 – Fire: 8.3 M ha; Non-fire: 17 M ha

• 2021 – Fire: 8.8 M ha; Non-fire: 17.2 M ha

• 2022 – Fire: 9.5 M ha; Non-fire: 14 M ha

Information:

• The chart compares global tree cover loss caused by fire and by other (non-fire) drivers from 2001 to 2022.

• Non-fire drivers include agricultural expansion, logging, wind damage, and river meandering. These causes dominate total loss every year, peaking around 2016–2017 at over 20 million hectares lost annually.

• Fire-related tree cover loss started relatively low (about 2–5 million hectares per year in the early 2000s) but has been increasing over time. Since about 2015, fire-related loss has consistently exceeded 6–9 million hectares annually.

  
  

Knowledge:

The data shows that while non-fire causes of tree cover loss (such as agriculture and logging) have historically been the dominant factor, fire-related losses have steadily increased over the last two decades and are now a much more serious driver than before. The knowledge we can draw from this is that climate change is likely intensifying the frequency and severity of wildfires, making fire not just a natural occurrence but a growing global threat to forests. This shift has critical implications: it reduces the ability of forests to act as carbon sinks, accelerates biodiversity loss, and worsens climate change in a feedback loop. Additionally, the declining trend in non-fire losses in recent years suggests that policies or management practices may be starting to curb human-driven deforestation, but these gains are being undermined by the surge in fire-related destruction.

1. Data: Raw, unorganized facts and figures. It has no meaning on its own. It's mainly the main source of information, as a result of observation. It's commonly expressed in form of statistics, which involves numbers and graphs to represent the data.

Example: 42, London, 10111992

2. Information: Data that has been processed, organized, and given context. It answers who, what, when, and where.

Example: The temperature in London is 42F.

3. Knowledge: Information that is applied with experience and insight. It allows for prediction, decision-making, and action. It answers how and why.

Example: Knowing that 42F in London is cold and often rainy, so you decide to wear a coat.

Data : “The global average temperature in 2023 was 1.45°C above pre-industrial levels.”

Information : “Global temperatures have been rising steadily, and 2023 was one of the hottest years ever recorded.”

Knowledge : “Human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation increase greenhouse gas emissions, which trap heat and cause global warming. If emissions continue at the current rate, sea levels will rise, extreme weather events will intensify, and ecosystems will be disrupted.”

Data = they are numbers on their own, it doesn't tell you whether the climate is changing or not.

Knowledge = the scientific consensus used to determine global climate and strategies

Data is raw facts, figures, without context or meaning yet.

Example:

Antarctica lost 57 gigatons of ice in 2023

Antarctic ice melt currently adds about 0.5 mm per year to global sea levels.

Information:

The more processed, organized and structured data that has context and meaning.

Example:

Antarctica is losing large amounts of ice due to the rising heat of earth.

Knowledge:

A scientifically proven information that is useful or meaningful.

Example:

Climate change is the shift of temperature and weather pattern on Earth. Climate change can come from different factors such as human activities like usage of fossil fuel. This causes air pollution that creates the green house effect which traps the sun's heat within the earth's atmosphere.

Disparate, raw sensor readings and database entries.

Example:

Pixel_Coord_89C-15F: 41.2°C, Station_Industrial: 42.1°C, Zoning=Commercial, 1689 MW.

Information:

Processed, mapped, and correlated data revealing patterns and relationships.

Example:

"The urban core is ~11°C hotter than rural areas. Wards with <10% green space are 5.5°C hotter. Peak energy demand (1689 MW) coincides with peak heat."

Knowledge:

The causal understanding that enables prediction and strategic action.

Example:

"We know the heat is caused by dark surfaces and lack of vegetation, creating a feedback loop with AC use. Therefore, we must mandate cool materials, target green space in specific low-cover wards, and launch energy rebates in the hottest zones to break the cycle."

1. Kalysharz Resendrya Camaydza

2. Alzenarz Azalya Hermanz

3. Sheykharz Zahyra Zuhra

Data = Earth’s temperature has risen 0.11 °F (0.06 °C) per decade since 1850 (~2 °F total).

• Since 1982, warming accelerated to 0.36 °F (0.20 °C) per decade.

• 2024 = warmest year since records began (1850).

• 2024 was 2.32 °F (1.18 °C) above the 20th-century average (57.0 °F / 13.9 °C).

Information = Since 1850, Earth has been slowly warming, but after 1982 the heating got three times faster. 2024 was the hottest year ever recorded, beating all past records.

Knowledge =The Earth is heating up faster than ever in the past 174 years.

The main cause is human activities that release greenhouse gases.

Data gathered from the image : 

• Each plotted red dot represents a monthly CO₂ concentration value (in ppm).

• Example: Around 407 ppm in 2017, 415 ppm in 2019, 420 ppm in 2021.

Information : Data that has been organized, structured, or processed and is given description to give it a meaning

Information taken from the image : 

• The overall trend shows that the global CO₂ levels are increasing each year.

• From 2016 (404 ppm) to 2021 (419 ppm), there is about a 15 ppm increase.

Knowledge : Insights and understanding gained from interpreting the information.

Knowledge/Understandings from the information : 

• The continuous rise in CO₂ is primarily driven by human activities (burning fossil fuels, deforestation).

• Higher CO₂ concentrations lead to global warming and associated climate impacts (such as melting ice, sea-level rise, extreme weather).

Definition:

a. data = raw facts that are collected and become reference.

b. Information = proceed data that explain something.

c. Knowledge = Information that has been know and interpret by human being.

Example:

a. the fish' change of size

b. some fishes size become bigger in warm temperature and some fishes are become smaller in the warm temperature.

c. there are some kind of fish that grow better in the cold temperature and some of them grow better in warm-temperatured water

Data is raw facts that have not been processed and are without context.

Example :

The average global temperature in 2024 was approximately 15.1 °C (59.2°F).

Information :

Information is Data that has been processed, organized, and given context.

Example :

2024 broke the record for the warmest year ever recorded in history.

Knowledge :

Knowledge is the Information that has been processed and is useful to the community.

Example :

2024 is the warmest year in history, surpassing the record set in 2023. This increase in temperature has been increasing even since 1850.

• 15.2 °C (global average in 1880)

• 15.9 °C (global average in 1950)

• 16.9 °C (global average in 2020)

• Millions of temperature readings from weather stations, ships, and satellites.

2. Information (organized and structured data)

• Scientists combine temperature records from many locations to calculate the global average.

• Graphs show a steady upward trend in global temperature over the last century.

• Reports highlight that 19 of the 20 hottest years on record have occurred since 2000.

• Maps illustrate which regions are warming faster, such as the Arctic.

• Climate summaries compare past decades:

  • 1880–1900: baseline “pre-industrial” climate

  • 2001–2020: about 1.1 °C warmer than pre-industrial levels.

• Charts link temperature data with increasing CO₂ levels in the atmosphere, showing both rise together.

This makes the data meaningful, showing a clear warming pattern across time and space.

3. Knowledge (interpreted meaning and understanding)

• Human activities, especially burning fossil fuels, are the main cause of rising CO₂.

• The warming trend leads to melting glaciers, sea level rise, stronger storms, and more heatwaves.

• Understanding this connection helps predict future climate risks and informs global policies to reduce emissions.

Information:
This data shows a consistent pattern of glacier retreat and ice sheet loss that directly contributes to sea level rise. The decline in sea ice is not only a sign of warming temperatures but also a disruption of ecosystems. Polar bears and seals lose critical habitats, and Indigenous communities that depend on ice stability face challenges to their way of life. Furthermore, the melting ice alters weather systems and ocean circulation patterns that affect the entire planet.

Knowledge:
Through decades of research using satellite observations, ice-core studies, and climate models, scientists have confirmed that human-induced greenhouse gas emissions are the driving force behind accelerated ice loss. This knowledge provides a clear causal link between rising carbon dioxide levels, polar amplification, and global consequences such as disrupted ocean currents, intensified coastal flooding, and shifts in climate systems worldwide.

GRouP Tarigan and Utomo :

Data is... a raw a collection of facts, numbers, words, observations or other useful information.

ex.

"The global average CO₂ concentration in 1958 was about 315 ppm, while in 2024 it is over 420 ppm this increase is strong evidence of human impact on climate."

Information is... data that has been processed, organized, or interpreted so that it becomes meaningful and useful.

ex.

The rise of atmospheric CO₂ from 315 ppm in 1958 to over 420 ppm in 2024 provides compelling evidence of anthropogenic influence on the climate system, reinforcing the link between industrial activity, greenhouse gas emissions, and accelerated global warming.

Knowledge is... Information that gains meaning, significance, and justification for the knower, allowing them to make sense of the world.

ex.

Decades of scientific studies, supported by satellite data and models, justify the claim that human activity is the main driver of global warming.

STOP CLIMATE CHANGE

*the picture above is the concrete effect of climate change

• 18% (comparassion of carbondioxide to 1990s)

• 7 out of of 10 (number of nations that get the impact)

2. Information : Consist of some processed data to give explanation about the case.

• The carbondioxide emission from asia increased by 18% compared to in the 1990s

• 7 out of of 10 nations at greatest risk to climate change is in Asia and the pacific

Knowledge : Information that is useful for many people and can be in form of tool, created for purpose.

• Day by day, there are more carbondioxide emmision from the Asia region which increases probability of climate change in Asia

• The climate change then can effect the population for example the Bangladeshis who will be displaced by a 1 meter rise in sea level in 2050

Data : Data is a raw or basic information in the world without any context

-> ex : Average global temperature in 2023: 14.9C

Information : proceed data or description of the world

-> ex : Data showed that global temperature has risen by about 1.1C since pre industrial time

Knowledge : Information which become significant or meaningful to the knower

-> ex : Rising greenhouse gasses cause global warming, which in turn leads to extreme weather eventd, biodiversity loss, and threats to human health and livelihood.

1. 📊 | Data:

   • Global temp rise: +1.2°C since late 1800s (NASA).

   • Sea level rise: 3.3 mm/year → Jakarta is sinking 10 cm/year

   • Arctic ice: Shrinking by 13% per decade and summer 2020 had the 2nd lowest ice extent on record.

   • CO₂: Pre-industrial CO₂ concentration (1750): ~280 ppm
     

     Current level (August 2025, Mauna Loa): 425.48 ppm
     

     Current growth rate: ~2.4 ppm per year (global average increase over the past decade)

     
     

2. ℹ️ | Information:

   • Melting ice → less reflection, faster warming (feedback loop).

   • Rising seas → threaten cities like Miami, Jakarta, Bangkok.

   • Warmer oceans → fuel stronger hurricanes, e.g., Hurricane Katrina (2005) & Typhoon Haiyan (2013).

   • Droughts → Cape Town, South Africa, nearly hit “Day Zero” in 2018 (running out of water).

     
     

3. 🌟 | Knowledge:

   If warming hits 2°C → 1 billion people exposed to deadly heat by 2050.

   
   

   • 🌱 Solution 1: Renewable energy

     • Denmark: 50% of its electricity from wind.

     • Morocco: Built one of the world’s largest solar farms (Noor Ouarzazate).

       
       

     🌳 Solution 2: Nature-based

     • China: “Great Green Wall” planting trees to fight desertification.

     • Costa Rica: Restored forests, now runs on 99% renewable energy.

       
       

     ⚙️ Solution 3: Technology

     • Iceland: Climeworks plant captures 4,000 tons of CO₂ yearly.

     • Tesla’s battery storage in Australia reduced blackouts & cut fossil fuel use.

Figure Description and Breakdown:

• (a) Global Volcanic Eruption (number of events)

  • The figure shows annual counts of volcanic eruptions from ~1980 to 2003.

  • Eruptions are categorized by Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):

    • VEI = 4 (black ‘x’)

    • VEI = 5 (orange ‘x’)

    • VEI = 6 (red ‘x’)

  • Notable high-VEI eruptions: ~1982, 1991, and 1992.

• (b) Net R (period)

  • Shows latitudinal variations in Net Radiation (Net R) during two key periods:

    • 1990–1995

    • 1996–2001

  • Blue line represents the average difference in Net R over latitude; changes are visible especially in the Northern Hemisphere.

• (c) Net R (yearly)

  • Yearly changes in Net R by latitude from 1990 to 2003.

  • Color-coded: blue = negative anomalies (reduced radiation), orange = positive anomalies (increased radiation).

  • Strong negative anomalies seen after major eruptions in early 1990s.

• (d) Net R (meridional contrast)

  • Compares Net R in:

    • High latitudes (60°N–90°N; orange bars)

    • Mid-latitudes (15°N–45°N; blue bars)

  • Green line shows the difference between mid-latitudes and high latitudes.

  • After 1991 (Mount Pinatubo eruption), significant negative radiation anomalies appear.

2. Information: Structured and Contextual Interpretation of the Data

Volcanic Activity Trends:

• Major eruptions with VEI ≥5 occurred in:

  • 1982 (El Chichón) — VEI 5–6

  • 1991 (Mount Pinatubo) — VEI 6

• These events released large quantities of aerosols and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) into the stratosphere.

• Resulted in increased Earth's albedo (reflection of solar radiation), which reduces Net R (net radiation reaching the Earth).

Radiation Anomalies and Spatial Impacts:

• 1990–1995 period (after Pinatubo):

  • Net R anomalies (b & c) show a cooling effect, especially in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes.

  • Strong negative radiation anomalies visible in blue shades (Fig. c), particularly near the Equator and extending to the mid-latitudes.

• 1996–2001 period:

  • The anomalies diminish, indicating a return toward baseline as volcanic aerosol effects subside.

Meridional (North-South) Radiation Differences:

• After major eruptions (notably 1991), a strong contrast in Net R between mid- and high-latitudes emerges.

• Negative net radiation in both zones, but the mid-latitudes show greater cooling, as indicated by the green line dipping in 1991–1993.

• This may imply poleward redistribution of energy, influencing climate circulation patterns.

3. Knowledge: Implications and Understanding for the Scientific Community

Volcanic Forcing of Climate:

• Large volcanic eruptions (VEI ≥5) have been long known to impact global climate, primarily through stratospheric aerosol loading.

• This dataset reaffirms that eruptions like Pinatubo in 1991 and El Chichón in 1982 induced measurable reductions in net solar radiation, leading to temporary global cooling.

Connection to Pacific Climate Dynamics:

• Reduced Net R after major eruptions may contribute to changes in the Pacific Ocean’s heat budget.

• ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) events are known to be sensitive to solar radiation changes and ocean-atmosphere heat exchange.

  • E.g., cooling of the tropical Pacific can shift ENSO phases, potentially triggering La Niña-like conditions post-eruption.

Polar vs Mid-Latitude Impacts:

• Differential radiation reduction across latitudes (Fig. d) hints at changes in atmospheric circulation, including:

  • Weakening of the Hadley cell

  • Shifting of ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone)

  • Altered jet stream behavior

These changes can feedback into climate systems including the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and ENSO variability.

Long-Term Climate Modeling:

• The data supports the inclusion of volcanic forcing in climate models, especially those examining decadal-scale climate variability.

• Without volcanic aerosol inputs, models underestimate observed cooling and misrepresent regional circulation patterns.

Data is raw facts, numbers, or measurements that are collected but not yet organized or given meaning.

The graph shows measured sea level change (in millimeters) relative to the 1993–2008 average.

- Example raw values:

Around -200 mm in 1880,

Around -100 mm in 1950,

Around +60 mm in 2020.

2. Information

Information is data that has been processed, organized, or structured to reveal patterns

When the data is organized into this graph, we see a clear trend:

- Global sea level has been rising steadily for more than a century.

- The rate of rise has become faster after the 1990s.

3. Knowledge

Knowledge is insights, understanding, or conclusions drawn from interpreting information, often used for decision making.

By interpreting the information, we gain understanding:

- Rising sea levels are linked to climate change, especially the melting of glaciers and the rise of seawater as it warms.

- This poses risks: flooding in coastal cities, erosion, and loss of habitat.

1. Data:

   • Keeling Curve: Daily mean CO2​ concentration currently around 424 ppm, up from ∼315 ppm in 1958.

   • Glacier Melt: Global glaciers have lost ∼267 billion tons of ice per year since 2000.

   • Ocean Acidification: The average pH of surface ocean water has dropped by 0.1 pH units since the start of the Industrial Era, representing a 25% increase in acidity.

   • Extreme Heat: 2023 was the hottest year on record globally, by a substantial margin.

2. Information:

   • Permafrost Thaw: Thawing permafrost releases large amounts of trapped methane, a potent greenhouse gas, accelerating global warming.

   • Coral Bleaching: Warmer ocean temperatures stress corals, causing them to expel the algae living in their tissues, leading to large-scale coral bleaching events like those on the Great Barrier Reef.

   • Displaced Persons: Climate change-induced disasters (droughts, floods, sea-level rise) are increasing the number of people forced to leave their homes.

   • Crop Yields: Rising temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns threaten global food security by negatively impacting major crop yields.

3. Knowledge:

   • If current trends continue, the frequency of 100−year floods could increase by 170% in coastal regions by 2050.

4. Solution 1: Sustainable Land Use

   • Regenerative Agriculture: Practices that improve soil health, increase carbon storage in the soil, and enhance biodiversity.

   • Stop Deforestation: Halting and reversing deforestation, especially in tropical rainforests, which act as vital carbon sinks.

5. Solution 2: Policy & Governance

   • Carbon Pricing: Implementing mechanisms like a carbon tax or an emissions trading system to make polluters pay and incentivize cleaner alternatives.

   • Fossil Fuel Phase-out: Government and international agreements to rapidly transition away from coal, oil, and gas for energy generation.

6. Solution 3: Decarbonization of Transport

   • Electric Vehicles (EVs): Rapid adoption of EVs for personal and commercial transport, paired with a transition to renewable energy grids.

   • Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF): Developing and deploying low-carbon fuels for the aviation industry to reduce a significant source of emissions.

Data:

Think of data as the smallest fragments of reality we can capture. So data doesn’t tell us much.

ex (not mantan):

In a remote weather station, a technician records hourly numbers: 32.1, 32.3, 32.7. He also notes “rainfall: 0 mm” every day for weeks. This is data: raw, unprocessed facts.

Information:

When you take data and put it into context, it becomes information.

ex:

A chart shows: average temperature rose 1°C in 20 years. Now the numbers tell a thing, is that the planet is warming.

Knowledge:

Knowledge comes when information gets jtb (justified true belief) verified, connected with experience, and turned into something useful.

ex:

After the JTB (like the proofing by scientist), it is true that if a thing has increasing average temperature every year, the planet is warming.

THANK YOUFEURWFAUEWRHFOIWF3 <3 #BOYOLALIPANASKEKSETRIKAAAAAN

El Niño is a climate phenomenon that happens when the surface waters of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean become warmer than normal.

Data: The data that we can get are raw numbers and measurements collected by satellites and weather stations about the temperature of the sea surface (SST)

e.g.

SST on normal year (pacific ocean) : ~26 C

SST on El Niño year : 28-29 C

Information: The scientists analyzation of the data, identifying that the Pacific Ocean temperatures are above average by >= 0.5C for 5 consecutive months.

Rainfall shifts: Drought in Indonesia and Australia, flooding in south america

This turns the raw data into a pattern that defines El Nino conditions

Knowledge: El Niño is understood as a climate change phenomenon caused by the weakening of trade winds, leading to warmer Pacific waters.

Knowledge tells us that this disrupts global weather patterns, causing drought, heavy rains, and impacts on agriculture, fisheries, and economies worldwide. Making us understand the cause and effect of El Niño

• Gunanjar the 2nd

• Auditorium

1. Data (raw numbers or measurements)

   Hourly sensors reading: 28°C (8 AM), 30°C (12 PM), 33°C (2 PM), 31°C (5 PM).

2. Information (processed data)

   The maximum temperature today is 33°C at 2 PM, with an average of 30.5°C. This is 3°C higher than the monthly average.

3. Knowledge (information combined with experience and interpretation)

   Because of the higher-than-average temperature, people should drink more water and avoid outdoor activities in the early afternoon to reduce heat exhaustion risk.

• Data
  

First is data. Data is just raw fact, usually in the form of numbers. Data are compact, but need lots of new context to actually make it make sense.
In the context of climate change, an example of the data could be :

• Keeling curve : which is the daily average CO2 concentration which currently, is around 424 ppm
  

• Ocean acidification : another example is ocean acidification, where the ocean becomes more and more acid over the years. Overall, the ocean has dropped by 0.1 pH levels since the start of the industrial era with a 25% increase in acidity overall
  

• Information
  

information is communicated facts, data, and knowledge about a particular subject that is organized to convey meaning and resolve uncertainty. It transforms raw data into a comprehensible form and provides insights that help humans understand a situation or answer questions. Example is:

• Now days average CO2 is 424 ppm
  

• The pH level of ocean decrease 0.1 since industrial era
  

• Knowledge in this context is information that becomes meaningful when it is interpreted, supported by evidence, and provides clear understanding of the world.
  

• Decades of scientific research using satellite data, ice-core studies, and climate models confirm that human-induced greenhouse gas emissions are the main driver of global warming.
  

• Data shows a causal link: rising CO₂ levels -> rising temperatures -> consequences such as melting glaciers, polar amplification, disrupted ocean currents, intensified coastal flooding, stronger storms, heatwaves, and shifting climate systems.
  

• Knowledge gives justification and significance to these facts, showing a clear warming pattern across time and space.
  

• By interpreting these patterns, we can predict future climate risks and shape global policies aimed at reducing emissions and mitigating impacts.

  
  

Data

• Polar bears: Their sea ice habitat is shrinking at a rate of about 13% per decade in the Arctic (NASA, 2021).

• Coral reefs: About 50% of the world’s coral reefs have already been lost or severely damaged due to ocean warming and acidification (IPCC, 2019).

• African elephants: Increasing droughts reduce water and vegetation availability, pushing elephants into smaller, fragmented habitats.

• Mountain species (like the American pika in North America): Forced to move to higher altitudes because lower elevations are becoming too warm.

• Birds (e.g., migratory species): Shifts in temperature and seasons disrupt migration patterns and breeding grounds.

2. Information

• Climate change is shrinking, shifting, or degrading habitats (ice, forests, coral reefs, grasslands).

• Species that depend on specific environments (like sea ice for polar bears or coral reefs for fish) are at the highest risk.

• Animals are either forced to migrate, adapt, or face population decline.

• Habitat loss is often combined with other pressures (like deforestation, pollution, hunting), making survival even harder.

3. Knowledge

• Climate change is not only an environmental issue but also a biodiversity crisis: it directly threatens the survival of many species by taking away their homes.

• If current warming trends continue, scientists predict 1 in 6 species could face extinction (IPCC estimate).

• Loss of animal habitats disrupts entire ecosystems (e.g., coral reef collapse affects thousands of marine species).

• Protecting ecosystems (like restoring forests, reducing emissions, and protecting coral reefs) is essential to prevent large-scale extinctions and maintain ecological balance.

Climate Change

1. Data: a collection of discrete values that are collected through measurement, observation, or research

   Climate change data:

   - Global temperature rise: Earth's average temperature has risen by about 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1 degree Celsius) since the late 19th century.

   - Record warmest year: ten warmest years in the historical record have all occurred within the past decade (2015-2024). 

   - Carbon dioxide levels : The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide reached a new record high of 422.8 parts per million (ppm) in 2024

2. Information : Data that has been organized, processed, and given context to make it meaningful and useful

   Climate change information:

   - Climate change cause: Greenhouse Gases (GHGs):

   • Carbon dioxide (CO₂) – from burning coal, oil, and gas.

   • Methane (CH₄) – from agriculture (like livestock), landfills, and fossil fuel extraction.

   • Nitrous oxide (N₂O) – from fertilizers and industry.

   • Fluorinated gases – from industrial processes.

3. Knowledge: The collection of facts, information, and skills a person has acquired through experience or education

   Climate change knowledge:

   • Green house effect: Natural process where gases trap heat – enhanced by human emissions.

   • Global warming: A specific part of climate change: the increase in Earth's average temp.

Data is the raw numbers shown in the graph, for example “Extremely High Temperature = 300” or “Too Low Rainfall = 230.”

Information is when the data is organized and compared, for example we can see that extremely high temperature and stormy rainfall happen most often.

Knowledge is the understanding we get from the information, for example knowing that high temperature and stormy rainfall are major problems helps farmers prepare solutions like providing shade for cocoa plants or improving drainage systems.