Reading in order to develop a research question is different from reading in order to answer it. Focus on the main ideas and arguments (these are usually found in the introduction and the conclusion). You don’t need to read every word or take down extensive notes at this stage, as you will probably come back to the text at a later date. Source: ( Monach University, 2023)

Authors: Marsha McCulloch
Date: July 5, 2023
Abstract:
 | Orange juice | Fresh orange
Calories | 110 | 62
Fat | 0 grams | 0 grams
Carbs | 25.5 grams | 15 grams
Fiber | 0.5 grams | 3 grams
Protein | 2 grams | 1 gram
Vitamin A | 4% of the RDI | 6% of the RDI
Vitamin C | 137% of the RDI | 116% of the RDI
Thiamine | 18% of the RDI | 8% of the RDI
Vitamin B6 | 7% of the RDI | 4% of the RDI
Folate | 11% of the RDI | 10% of the RDI
Calcium | 2% of the RDI | 5% of the RDI
Magnesium | 7% of the RDI | 3% of the RDI
Potassium | 14% of the RDI | 7% of the RDI
Main ideas: 
1. Differences between store bought orange juice and freshly squeezed. 
2. Benefits of freshly squeezed.
3. Benefits of vitamin C. 

Main Ideas:
1. How oranges help in your health.
2. Risks of consuming oranges.
3. How to include oranges in your diet.

Bell peppers — especially ripe bells — are known to be among the best vitamin C sources available. A part of this has to do with the fact that the pepper has a particularly high concentration of the nutrient."

Main Ideas:
- Content of vitamin C in bell peppers.
- Can bell peppers loose their vitamin C?
- Benefits of bell peppers.

Background

Consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with improved health and a decreased prevalence of chronic degenerative processes.

Objectives

The objectives were to assess the bioavailability of vitamin C from orange juice and its influence on plasma vitamin C and 8-epi-prostaglandin F_2α(8-epi-PGF_2α) concentrations in a healthy human population.

Design

Six men and 6 women consumed 500 mL commercial fresh-squeezed orange juice/d for 14 d, corresponding to an intake of 250 mg ascorbic acid/d. On the first day of the study, the subjects drank the juice in one dose (dose-response study), and on days 2–14 they consumed 250 mL in the morning and 250 mL in the afternoon. Blood was collected every hour for 6 h on the first day and again on days 7 and 14.

Results

Baseline plasma vitamin C concentrations were significantly higher (P = 0.03) among the women than among the men (56.4 ± 4.4 compared with 44.3 ± 3.5 μmol/L). In the dose-response study, the maximum increase in plasma vitamin C occurred 3 h postdose in both the men and the women. Vitamin C concentrations remained significantly higher on days 7 and 14 than at baseline. Baseline concentrations of 8-epi-PGF_2αwere significantly higher (P = 0.03) among the men than among the women (249.6 ± 25.4 compared with 177.7 ± 6.2 pg/mL) but decreased significantly (P = 0.04) by day 14 of the intervention. A significant inverse correlation was observed between vitamin C and 8-epi-PGF_2α (r = −0.791, P = 0.0022). Among smokers, baseline vitamin C was lower and 8-epi-PGF_2αhigher than among nonsmokers.

Conclusions

Drinking orange juice (500 mL/d) increases plasma concentrations of vitamin C and reduces concentrations of 8-epi-PGF_2α in humans. These effects were significantly more pronounced in smokers.


Main ideas

Main ideas:
1. Why we need vitamin C in our system.
2. How much vitamin C is in an orange. 
3. How we can replace oranges.

The vitamin C in oranges helps your body in lots of ways:

1 Calcium. Oranges are high in this important nutrient, which keeps your bones, organs, and muscles strong

2 Folate for moms and babies. Oranges are a great way to get a big dose of folate naturally. Your body uses it to divide cells and make DNA. Because it helps prevent birth defects, it's an especially important B vitamin for pregnantwomen.

3 Anti-inflammatory. Some foods tell your immune system it's under attack. This causes inflammation. When inflammation turns into a long-term problem, it can trigger diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. Oranges have the opposite effect.

Vitamin C is needed by human body to improve the immune system and can be obtained from the bell pepper. Bell pepper has a different color according to the level of maturity, ranging from green, yellow, orange, and red. Differences in color also make possible differences in vitamin C content. The purpose of this study was to determine vitamin C levels in various colors of bell fruit. Measurement of vitamin C was done by titration method with metaphosphoric acid as the solvent and 2,6 dichloroindophenol as the standardized solution. The samples used were green bell pepper, yellow bell pepper, orange bell pepper, and red bell pepper taken from Gundaling, Berastagi, Karo, Sumatera Utara, 22152, Indonesia. The results show that vitamin C level in various colors of bell pepper respectively, for green bell pepper 16.52 mg vitamin C per 100 g green bell pepper; yellow bell pepper 159.61 vitamin C per 100 g yellow bell pepper; orange bell pepper 121.38 vitamin C per 100g orange bell pepper; red bell pepper 81.19 vitamin C per 100 g red bell pepper. These results indicate that different levels of bell pepper maturity have different vitamin C content.
Main Ideas:
Vitamin C in peppers
What changes in vitamin C while peppers mature
The porcentaje of vitamin C in different colors

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Macronutrients

One cup of sliced bell pepper contains about 40 calories, along with 1 gram of protein and 10 grams of carbohydrates, including 3 grams of fiber. The fiber and protein will help you feel full for longer after eating peppers, and the fiber may also lower your risk for digestive complaints, heart disease and obesity.

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Vitamins

One cup of sliced green bell pepper contains 120 percent of the daily value for vitamin C, 20 percent of the DV for vitamin A and vitamin B-6, 8 percent of the DV for thiamine and folate and 4 percent of the DV for riboflavin and niacin. The same amount of red bell pepper contains 470 percent of the DV for vitamin C and 170 percent of the DV for vitamin A, with the amount of the other vitamins remaining the same. Yellow and orange bell peppers contain amounts of vitamin A and vitamin C in between those found in green and red bell peppers.

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Minerals

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A 1-cup serving of sliced bell pepper provides you with 4 percent of the daily value for iron, magnesium and phosphorus. Iron is essential for cell growth and for forming red blood cells to transport oxygen around the body. Magnesium and phosphorus are used for strong bones, muscle and nerve function and keeping your heartbeat steady. Magnesium is also important for immune function, and phosphorus is used for turning the food you eat into energy and storing this energy.

Use

You can eat bell peppers raw in salads or alongside dips. You can also use bell peppers in cooked dishes, but cooking these vegetables lowers the amount of vitamin C and some of the B vitamins in the peppers, since these are heat sensitive. Bell peppers are sometimes stuffed with a mixture including rice and ground meat or a vegetarian mixture of rice and beans topped with cheese. You can also roast peppers to bring out their flavor.
Points:
Macronutrients have different macronutrients.
The different color is the different stage of ripeness.
You can use the bell peppers in a variety of recipes, raw or cooked.

Webpage: Healthline

Article Name: Bell Peppers 101: Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits                               Author: Atli Arnarson    

Date: February 17, 2023

Main Ideas: 

Webpage: Pepper Power: Nutrition and Other Benefits

Author: Barbara Brody 

Date: November 30 2023

Abstract: 

Main ideas: 

 

Vitamin C plays a key role in supporting a healthy immune system and may reduce the duration and severity of cold symptoms^5. Vitamin C is thought to have an anti-histamine effect, and may support lung function. Furthermore, the absorption of iron found in plant-based foods may increase when consumed with vitamin C.

What is Hesperidin?

You may be familiar with flavonoids such as resveratrol in red wine or catechin in green tea, but have you heard about hesperidin? Hesperidin is a phytonutrient (naturally occurring plant compound) concentrated in the peels of citrus. Hesperidin has been shown in clinical studies to have antioxidant properties, which help protect the body’s cells against damage caused by free radicals.


Why is Potassium Good for You?

Potassium has a wide range of roles in the body. Potassium is important for building muscle and maintaining growth, transmitting nerve signals, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, breaking down and using carbohydrates, and supporting pH (acid-base) balance.

The only significant difference between the nutritional compositions of freshly squeezed orange juice and processed orange juice is the vitamin C content. 

Orange juice is beneficial for digestion and should be taken after a meal. 

Manufacturers of processed orange juice should state the real nutritional value of their products. 

 

Main Ideas:Flavonoids, High benefícial in Orange Juice, Carotenoids