Mass Media & Society by Gan Ruo Ying

1.What is Mass Media?

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Mass media is the platform that deliver message to mass audience.

Eg. TV, Radio, Newspaper, Magazine and etc.

Mass Media and New Media

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1. mass media
-deliver message to a big crowd without considering any interest of audience
Eg.Television, Radio
-we can switch to the channel that we are interest with.
-multiple type to be selected

2.new media
-user contribute content to the platforms created by media companies
Eg. Youtube, Facebook
-As an user, we can search everything and view everything on Google, Facebook, Youtibe and more without costing any money

The change of media

i18015460 — 2020-08-23 15:59:18 UTC

1. Digital Form
-Media content has became digital form
Soft copy vs hard copy

Eg:
Compared with hard copy newspaper, people nowadays prefer to read the online newspaper because they can read the news which is attractive, attach with more image and video without paying a cent.

Passive and Active Audience

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1.Active
-think before they absorb the information
-give comments on the content that read

Eg:
Active Audience will filter the message after the message ia released. They will filter the message based on their experience and knowledge

2.Passive
-believe every media content
-Never question !!!
-Never think before absorb the information

EG:
Passive Audience are usually the kids who don't know what's wrong and right. They will imitate the school bullying scene that appear in movie.

Factors that Influence Roles of Audience

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1. Socialization
-Influenced by the people who spend a long time with them
Eg: Culture/Parent/Education

2.Fear and Moral Panic
-influence the audience's belief
-influence they behavior negatively
-Passive audience will be influenced by the negative content of media

3. Self Identity
-Everyone have their own self-identity
-The audience might be confused on how to show their own identity to public

Structure and Agency

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Structure:
- elements cannot be changed
- EG: Law

Agency:
- elements can be changed
- EG: political/economic/social

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Chapter 1

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Chapter 2

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i18015460 — 2020-08-31 11:13:20 UTC

Largest Media Companies

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1.United State
-GE
-News Corp
-Disney
-Viacom
-Time Warner
-CBS

2.Malaysia
-Astro
-Media Prima
-RTM

3.China
Media:
-Hunan TV,
-Zhejiang TV.

Apps:
-Weibo,
-Wechat
-Douyin(Tik Tok)
Tencent QQ

Games:
-PUBG
-Honor Of Kings

Concentration of ownership

i18015460 — 2020-08-31 11:18:54 UTC

Conglomeration 混合联合企业化
-Media companies that owns numerous other companies and become one of the largest company.
-This may be by take-overs, purchase or mergers

Eg:
Google owns Youtube, Facebook and Instagram

Concentration of ownership

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Integration一体化:
(vertical & horizontal integration)

1. Vertical Integration
-company could then have a better control of the entire process of creating, producing, marketing and distributing movies.
-A parent company takes full control of various medium that are under the same parent company.

Eg:
BBC owns BBC Resources, BBC worldwode, BBC Films, BBC Radio

In the process of making a movie, the parent company can :
1. Buy a movie production house
2. Buy a production studios
3. Buy a talent management company
4. Buy Cinema
5. Buy a amusement park

to take full control in making, showing, marketing the movie

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2. Horizontal Integration
-business expansion in where the media company merges with the same product line of it's rival.
-have no plan and own many media companies.
-aims to grow it's company's image and take control of the other businesses.
-They promote all their subsidiaries even though it is not related to their company.

Eg: CNN News helps Warner Bros. Animation tp promote the new movie because they are under the same owner

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Why companies merge?

i18015460 — 2020-08-31 12:06:04 UTC

- Control the mind of the audiences.
- Reach them subconsciously without realizing it.

Eg:
The Avengers.
-Create toys, merchandise, games, news
-raise awareness of public

Cross Media (Marketing Strategy)

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- get higher attention from audiences, improved memory, greater perceived message credibility and higher viewing intent compared to using repetitive single-source promotions.

Eg:
The skincare product that appear in the Korean Drama will get higher sales than normal advertiement

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Attention Economy

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- Create contest that is trending and able to attracts the eyes of viewers that later gains profit.

Eg:
Kiki Challenge, Dalgona Coffee, Bird Box Challenge.

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Media Control and Political Power

i18015460 — 2020-08-31 12:19:05 UTC

-Concentrated media ownership often leads to political power
-Media outlets may promote specific political agenda of the owner
-Media barons can easily become influential politicians

Eg:
Fox News never display bad news of Donald Triumph because it is owned by him

Consequences of Conglomeration and Integration

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1. Self-promotion
-minimize cost
-maximize profits

2. Undermined quality of content
-Content that delivered to audience is biased, skewed and limited
- Sensationalized content and lesser facts

3. Media control by political power
-Concentrated media ownership often leads to political power
-Promote specific political agenda

Impact of Advertising

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1.Growing Advertising Influences

Eg:
-Product Placement (in movie & drama),
-Brand Integration (partner with other brand to produce some limited edition product)
-such as, advangers collaborate with MCD

2.Marketing Online and in Niche Media

Eg:
Facebook can collect information and display the relavant advertisement to the user

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Chapter 3

i18015460 — 2020-09-07 02:29:26 UTC

KARL MARX

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Media create content according to what they see with specific method and way that worked before and still continue be using until now.
------------------ Karl Marx

-which means that all the media that currently process is immitating the old media.

How to get profit?

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1. Advertising (Paid)
Product Advertsement always appear on social media to get more explosure to the people (can select the target audience,reach to the right person)
Eg:
Instagram Ad, Ig Ad, Youtube Ad

2. Views, subscribers & followers
The more the views, subscribers and followers, the more the money you will get

Eg: YouTube.
The youtuber can get profit from views, and many of them can work as full-time youtuber to support their daily expenses

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3. Live streaming
-Selling stuff on social media live stream
-the host performs or chat with the follower to get the digital gift from them.
-the live streaming channel will give commission to host according to the gift they receive

Eg: Facebook live, Dou Ying (Tik Tok), Instagram live, YiZhiBo (linked with Weibo), Xiao Xiang Zhi Bo.

Problems

i18015460 — 2020-09-07 02:58:37 UTC

1. High cost of producing media.
- need to spend high cost to produce good video or content
- Requires good equipment and good editing skills

Eg: Malaysian YouTuber Lim Big Yong
-He spent high cost on the shooting equipment for his video production on Youtube

2.Unpredictable audience tastes.
* Everyone have different taste on video, so it's hard to predict the audience taste

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4 Methods to minimize the problems

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Imitation
Stars and the "Hit system"
Creating Hits & producing stars

High cost & unpredictable taste

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1. Imitation
Produce various version with same concept

Eg: Boy & Girl Group.
* Korean girl group (Girls' Generation - TWICE).

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2. Hits and Stars
a) More screen time - visibility
* Celebrities show their face on talk shows or attend activity to promote their movie, drama, or song

b) A-listers
*hire or invite famous actor to appear in their production

Eg: Jay Chow
Jay Chow has collabrote with Ah Xing(Wu Yue Tian) to sing his new song

3. Influencers and content creators

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* Creating hits & producing stars.
* Citizen journalists & critics.
* People need to be in the industry.
* Editor & producer decide who will be in the scene (well-planned & attention seeking).

Example: Youth With You
In this competition show, not every participant can get the equal chance to be appeared on the scene

The director will play more scene of the participant who is more attractive or famous

Chapter 4

i18015460 — 2020-09-17 09:42:17 UTC

Semiology

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- Study of signs & sign system
- distinguish many of the patterns that stands a meaning
-Deliver message without mention the word

Ferdinand de Saussure

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Formula
SigniFIER + SigniFIED = SIGN

1. Signifier:
- ithe physical form of sign
- can be word / facial expression/ sound the contain a SURFACE MEANING to the sign.

2. Signified
- concept/meaning/thing
indicated by the signifier
- provides further details & explanation to which the signifier refers

EG:
- Signifier: sea
- Signified: blue water

EG:
Signifier: Apple
Signified: iPhone, red apple, green
apple
**The meaning can be different based on our own culture background**

Charles Sanders Peirce

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- focus more on image, Physical Form of object

The 3 elements
Representamen

we will immediately know what it is or what is its meaning
Eg: Picture of apple

Interpretant

The idea and thought (Interpretation through mind)

Object

Focus more on the image, physical form of object

3 types of sign

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1. Iconic:
- the sign is close to the real image of the object
-the message can be clearly delivered at first sight

Eg: Toilet sign that clearly stated the gender

2. Indexical:
- signifier is caused by the signified whether in causally/ physically
- is a sign that demonstrates the influence of its dynamical object

Eg: footprint on the beach - someone walk by here before

3. Symbolic:
- the relation between signifier & signified is purely conventional & culturally specific
-a symbol that everyone agree but you wouldn't know the actual meaning if you never hear about it
- EG: male & female icon

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4 types of sign communication

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1.Denotation
-the meaning of a word that we can find from the dictionary (表面的意思)

2.Connotation
-not the literal meaning
interpretation based on our feelings, ideas, and cultural meanings which are associated with the word or object

3. Individual Connotation
-the meaning that based on our own experience

4. Cultural Connotation
- people with the same cultural background associate the meaning

5. Intertextuality 互文性

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Semiotics in Image

-the shaping of a text's meaning by another text
- the deep/ inside meaning of the text
-the audience can identify the meaning that the director wants to deliver through the background, action, or image.....

Eg:
When we see someone hold a photo which is printed in black & white and framed, we know the person of the photo just passed away.

Chapter 5

i18015460 — 2020-09-22 01:52:07 UTC

What is Ideology?

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–Our own set of social values, beliefs, feelings and representations by which people collectively make sense and viewed in a worldly scale.
–is usually in an unrealistic and rigid way.
-is capable of reinforcing existing social powers that will advantages the dominant group.
-our behaviuor has been influenced by the media as we receive the content that released by media since we were born.
-We will behave in certain way and practice it everyday without reliazing it

Eg: most of the man will help a woman when they see her carrying heavy thing

This behavior is promoted on media, the men have used to it, they will do without reliazing it

Unconscious consciousness

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-defines the pattern of common sense as something natural and normal.

-why we perform certain human actions = unconscious motive

-We do something unconsciously but with a conscious mind

-There are always a hidden meaning but we normally just realize the surface meaning

EG: we may be feeling thirsty at this moment and decide to get a drink

How they input Ideology through media?

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1. By ‘masking and displacing’ social issues and problems

-Avoided or rendered censorship
-set laws to restrict the content of the movie
-Any indecent content will be banned by the government

Eg:
The China censorship board restrictes the LGBT content in the film industry.

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2. By "incorporating or containing " other ideological positions

-Allow the controversial notion
-but they provide a new system to weaken the power of those controversial notion

Eg:
-Feminism
-Wonder Woman is strong because a guy transform her and give her power

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3. By giving audiences texts that are pleasurable

-entertain the audience with pleasure content

-the audience will not concern on the ideological message that the media try to brainwash them

Hegemony领导权

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-the ultimate power of a social group over the subordinate groups.

-it can influence, persuasion and struggle the surbordinate groups

-The surbordinate groups don't revolt because they are consent/satisfied to their place in society.

EG:
-Teacher & Student
-Government & Citizen

Counter- Hegemony

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-the dominate group control the culture in order to advantage themselves

-but, people start to challenge and change the ideological assumptions and norms.

Eg：
The ideoligical culture which give the America-African the lowest level in the society.

Culture Jamming

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-visual or performative protest tactic designed to restricte the norms and conventions of mass culture

-it can raise the awareness of certain social or political issues

-it can also protest to the capitalism culture in the society

Satiric Journalism & “Fake” News

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-the government use media to tell their audiences something that seems truthful about politicians

Eg:
The Daily Show, The Nightly Show and Last Week Tonight help government to deliver fake news to the audience to advantage the government itself.

-Election is not really fair, TV3 help the government to cover the "electric shut down" incident of Genaral Election in Malaysia

Chapter 6

i18015460 — 2020-09-29 05:12:00 UTC

What is Symbol?

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-Symbols became the preconceived of stereotypes.
-People can use specific symnol (gesture, image, behavior) to stereotype specific group of people.

-Stereotypes have been strongly embedded into the media. Gender and social status have all been affected by stereotypes.

How media affect stereotype?

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-Media has set the image of every single group of people with negative and positive characteristics

Eg:
Chinese: small eye, self-fish, talk like ching chong

American African: Gangster, bag guy, rude, uneducated

White people: Clever, smart, success

-Media has used its power to advantage the dominated group in the society.

Media Images of People with Color

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-Media has formed the image for every group of people

Eg: White people
blonde hair, blue eyes, tall, rich, curly hair

Eg: African American
Brown hair, big eyes, white teeth, sexy lips, big ear rings

Eg: Asians
Chinese, small eyes, black hair, kung fu

Depiction of characters in Colors

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The film industry in white people country has process the "white washing" event in the film industry.
which reduce the chance of Asian and African American's apperance in the film.

Eg:
Movie The Jazz Singer
The main character is starred by a White but paint him as a black (act as black)

Latino

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-The stereotype of Latino wa projected between 1910 to 1914 with the term “greaser”
-Greaser is those who like to flirt everywhere
-Mexicans were presented as vile 卑鄙 characters

EG:
Hollywood loves Latinos as janitors or maids. From “Family Guy’s” Consuela to Jennifer Lopez in 2002’s “Maid in Manhattan,” such characters have inundated pop culture. Sometimes the trope comes from Latino producers. Eva Longoria’s “Devious Maids” was criticized when it debuted as a “wasted opportunity,” though it lasted four seasons.

Asian (Chinese)

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-Thinks that Asian is Chinese, Japanese
-White people play the Chinese roles
-Lady plays the role of lover, dragon lady or sex object
-Men act as the lover or villain

Yellow Peril- promote Anti miscegenation

-The fear and discrimination from Western society to Asian

-The media
Eg. The media has set a bad ending to the coloured cast couple

Countertype

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-The positive influence of stereotype

-Enhancing the positive elements of specific group

Eg.
Wonder Woman
-woman can be hero
-promote feminism

Blac Panther
-Black guy can have the same status as White people

Breaking out of Stereotypes

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-Commercial television became a significant factor in American information and entertainment

-More coloured character involve in the film industry

Now, there are more movies are promoting diversity of coloured skins in the film industry.

EG:
In "Crazy Rich Asian", the Holly Wood industry has give more chance to the Asian-American actors.

Nowadays, there are more Asian characters appear in the Holly Wood Industry, such as, Mulan, Lucky Grandma and more

Chapter 7

i18015460 — 2020-10-06 04:51:22 UTC

Sex

i18015460 — 2020-10-06 04:51:57 UTC

Biological Essentialist:

-based on the sexual productive system, chromosomal and hormonal differences

-Follow the reproductive orgn to assign as male and female

Eg:
Women: Women have breast to feed their child milk, more patient because they need to take care of child

Men: More strong and muscular to protect the family

Gender

i18015460 — 2020-10-06 04:58:30 UTC

Social constructionist
-Determined by choice
-Based on social and cultural roles, personality traits, and behaviour
-Media does set the gender roles to restrict our behavior (what girl should do & shouldn't do)

EG:
BOY- blue
GIRL- pink

man wear pink = sissy
woman wear blue/black= bossy

Woman= do housework, weak, have to rely on man

Man= strong, not allowed to cry, must carry the responsibility to protect the family financially and physically

In Asian culture, man must go out to work, woman can be housewife.

If the man become house husband, he will be looked down by the society

Femininity Portrayed in the Early Media

i18015460 — 2020-10-06 05:04:06 UTC

-media has stereotype female character into four main categories

-Woman only allowed to play the demure, submissive character or the dangerous, seductive character.

Four main categories:
-Femme Fatale,
-Trophy Wife/Mom,
-Sex Kitten
-Gold-Digger.
-It really shows

Femme Fatale

i18015460 — 2020-10-06 05:10:34 UTC

-Beautiful women who destroy the plan
-The villian who is attractive

-To deliver the message that "beautiful women are stupid or bad" or untrustful

EG：
Spy in the gang of hero, anti-hero

Trophy Wife/Mom

i18015460 — 2020-10-06 05:17:16 UTC

- perfect wife for husband, a perfect mother for children

-To encourgae the women to have the dream of being a perfect mother & mum rather than working.

-advantage the men because their wife will always obey to them as they need to rely on their husband to get financial support

-enhance gender equality in working environment

the employment opportunities of women are restricted.

In the old Asian culture, the old generation have a fixed mindset, they encourage their daughter to marry to a man after schooling rather than working indenpendently.

Sex Kitten

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-Give viewing pleasure for male audiences
(Man can treat woman as sex toy)

-not playing important role in the movie

-Sex appeal

Gold Digger

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a woman who married to a wealth and old man just to obtain money his money.

-to portray women in a negtive way which is cheap and materialistic

Femininity Portrayed in Present Media

i18015460 — 2020-10-06 05:33:43 UTC

The current media is still not fair enough for male and female character.

-In my opinion, we can rarely see "normal look" woman character in the movie. All the female cahracter are good looking and have nice body shape.

-But for male, there are many fat male actor display in the movie.

EG:
-Megan Fox in Transformer
-The biggest impression of audience is her sexy body

Masculinity Portrayed In Early Media

i18015460 — 2020-10-06 05:44:18 UTC

-Men usually plays
Suave, handsome, smart, rich, family-oriented, the most perfect man (happy life, happy work), or strong (in physical)
roles in the media

-They are perfect, all the decisions they made are correct

EG:
Disney's Prince
-Prince will come to save the Princess
-Men have to be strong enough so they can protect their woman or else no women will like him

Avengers
-most of the Superhero are male (rich and smart)

Masculinity Portrayed In Present Media

i18015460 — 2020-10-06 05:58:37 UTC

-In current media, Man are still be protrayed as rich, calm, handsome, muscular, perfect human

EG:
All the male hero in the Avengers movies are muscular , handsome and perfect

The most significant example is Iron Man and Batman
-As a human being, they are perfect

Western

Asian

i18015460 — 2020-10-06 06:04:32 UTC

-The man are allowed to wear make up
-but media also concern on the visual of male character (double eyelid, fair skin)
-Man can also advertise comestic product

In my opinion, the image of male character that portrayed in media nowadys is a good phenomenon to achieve the gender equality and helping the LGBT group to express themselves.

Male are allowed to wear makeup, take care of their physical appearance, dance ballet and do whatever them want to do

EG:
Drag Queen
-A drag queen is a person, usually male, who uses drag clothing and makeup to imitate and often exaggerate female gender signifiers and gender roles for entertainment purposes.

Gender Changes in Media

i18015460 — 2020-10-06 06:07:19 UTC

Female
-female are given lead roles, such as superhero

EG: Avengers
Black Widow, Captain Marvel, Wonder Woman, The Wasp, Scarlet Witch.

In my opinion, the media nowdays is promoting the feminism to public, women are stronger than what they think. Women and men are same, they both can save the world and be independent.

The most significant example is the Captain Marvel in The Avengers.
In the movie, she is the stronger superhero who travel between the panels. I am surprise when I notice that the strongest superhero is a woman because in that generation, woman always play a weak character in the media.

Chapter 8

i18015460 — 2020-10-19 15:01:34 UTC

Political Influences On Media

i18015460 — 2020-10-19 15:02:44 UTC

-Media is more restricted, freedom of speech is limited

-Gatekeeper will filter and control the content for political system.

Malaysia- semi democratic
US-democratic

Political Influence on Media

i18015460 — 2020-10-19 15:14:05 UTC

Malaysia
-Media channel (TV3) will only showcase news that advantage the government
-contain more censorship
-contents will be filtered before being showcased on TV medias.

United States
- 'First Amendments'
(media regulation in US)

-the media and the US citizens have the Freedom of speech and Freedom of Press of the right of the people peaceably to assemble.

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) -US

i18015460 — 2020-10-19 15:20:24 UTC

-FCC is an Independent Government Agency of US

-This agency doesn't have any relationship with the government.

-Comprised of 5 commissioners that were appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate for 5 years.

-FCC is indirectly controlled by government and president

Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) - Malaysia

i18015460 — 2020-10-19 15:24:49 UTC

-The MCMC is responsible for:

communications
multimedia
broadcasting
information
personal data protection
mobile service
broadband
content

-Fully controlled by government

-Communications & Multimedia Act 1998 (CMA) and Anti-Fake News Bill 2018 are the act/law that controls the media.

Communication Policies

i18015460 — 2020-10-19 15:28:42 UTC

According to the First Amendment mentioned, there are still some speeches that are not supported by the First Amendment in US such as :

a) Defamation
b) Obscenity
c) Plagiarism
d) Invasion of privacy
e) Inciting insurrection

Defamation

i18015460 — 2020-10-19 16:23:52 UTC

- a false and unprivileged statement of fact that is harmful to someone's reputation and image.

two types of defamation:
a) Libel (written/word form)
b) Slander (oral/spoken)

EG:
Rebel Wilson had been defamed by a series of articles published in print and online by Bauer Media magazines that said she had lied about her age, real name and childhood.

Rebel Wilson awarded A$4.5m in magazine defamation case

Obscenity & Indecency

i18015460 — 2020-10-19 16:32:44 UTC

-speech that involves violence or language about sex.

-children nowdays own their own social media account at a young age, they may be easily influenced by the media

EG:
Ryan ToysReview which has 18M YouTube subscribers can’t get enough of this energetic little toy reviewer.
The little boy share his review on Youtube, but he may be affected by the bad comment under the video.

Plagiarism

i18015460 — 2020-10-19 16:42:36 UTC

- the use and passing along as one's own original work someone else's created material, which may or may not to be copyrighted.

* Credit and citation is important when we want to use someone's works.

EG:
In 2003, when choreographer Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker alleged that her moves were “stolen” by Beyoncé during the “Countdown” video.

Protecting Privacy

i18015460 — 2020-10-19 16:47:36 UTC

- privacy protection against government snooping.

Personal Data Protection Act 2010 (PDPA)
- protect consumer's privacy and information.

-The organization are not allowed to spread or sell our information to third parties.

EG:
When we sign a form of Inti IU, Init is not allowed to spread or sell our data to others.

Protecting Intellectual Property

i18015460 — 2020-10-19 16:53:00 UTC

Copyright / trademarks

- the creative work of art, film or software are belongs to a legally protected owner.

- protect the original ideas of individuals and institutions.

EG:
Ed Sheeran v. Marvin Gaye

Ed Townsend, who is the beneficiary of some of Gaye's copyrights and a co-creator, is arguing that Sheeran's song "Thinking Out Loud" is infringing on Gaye's "Let's Get It On" as it takes from the melody, harmony, and rhythm of Gaye' song.

Media: Important Tool

i18015460 — 2020-10-27 02:49:10 UTC

- Media has the power for political to utilize for their own benefits.

-Media can change people's political views

- Media corporations are major contributors to political campaigns
: they know who they want to target.

Eg:
Facebook and Instagram can collect data from the user and display the content they might be interest for adavertising purpose

Chapter 9

i18015460 — 2020-10-27 02:53:01 UTC

Media and Political Elites

i18015460 — 2020-10-27 02:54:01 UTC

- Politicians hv long understood on the potential power of the mass media

The media that can influence people
- Print Media
(directly associated with political parties)
- Social Media
(politicians can quickly saw their possibilities for influence)
- Survey
- Interview

Eg:
2020 Presidential Debate In United State

-President Trump and Joe Biden will debate for few times in 2020
-share his point of view
-might share some "fake" point so people will support him
-influence people's opinion on him
-media helps to enlarge the effitiveness of his fake words.

Eg: President who always give good promise before election / release religious comment to make specific religion to vote for him

But, he changes all his words after he win the election

Why Government wants to own Media?

i18015460 — 2020-10-27 02:55:01 UTC

-Mass Media serve as a powerful socializing agent.

-Audience learn and internalize some of the values, beliefs, and norms presented in media products.

-Owners of the media influence the content and form of media products by their decisions.

-A small group of powerful owners uses the media to control the thoughts of the rest of us.

Reason to own media:
- get money (be rich)
- POWER (control message content)

Eg: Jack Ma owns Tabao

Setting The Stage

i18015460 — 2020-10-27 03:06:46 UTC

- mainly prepared by PR team
- reputation=branding + image

- The environment that the politician are presenting at is also very important as it does affect their overall presentation/performance no matter live or pre-recorded

-suitable dresscode for various situation or circumstances, various set of set up will be made in order to generate the vibe or the emotions of the audiences.

EG:
FORMAL DRESSCODE
for news conference

BLACK & WHITE DRESSCODE for funeral

Festival custome for specific festival can help the politicians to build a friendly image

For example, the politicians wear a Halloween custome and appear at Halloween event

A Politics Of Image

i18015460 — 2020-10-27 03:17:24 UTC

The Importance of Appearance
- Appearance plays an important role to affect the decision of citizen

-PR team will guide the politicians to build good image on media

-being comfortable in the media spotlight has helped the media celebrities to pursue political careers.

Eg:
Pricess Diana has created a good image on media, she is beautiful and kind
Therefore, Princess Diana has receive more support than her husband, Prince Charles

Meanwhile, Prince Charles is an exmaple of having a bad image on media.
The news of Prince Charles's extramartial affairs has been spread by the media, therefore he didn't get the support from the citizens.

Influences Of Images

i18015460 — 2020-10-27 03:29:42 UTC

Hyperreality
-The public is often unable to distinguish between image and reality.

-Political media events are staged to produce press coverage and influence public opinion.

-Image on media can influence people's first perception on the politicians.

Eg:
Playing with kids and babies is one of the best way to create the kind & lovely image

Becuse of this image, people will believ Obama is a kind person who love kid, but we don't really know is it the reality

Televisualized Populism

i18015460 — 2020-10-27 03:49:59 UTC

- Appearance on media allow the politicians to gain explosure and build connect with the citizen

- appear On TV shows can help them to build friendly image

-the relationship of citizens and politicians will be closer as they share their daily on social media

-citizens tend to choose the friendly politician as their leader

- EG: Barack Obama in The Ellen Show/The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon.

-EG: Donald Trumps break his image by publish immature comment on his Twitter account

The Influence of Images

i18015460 — 2020-10-27 05:14:20 UTC

-The use of social media allows politician to reach to the citizens
-the politician can build good image easily

【Pros】
a. Speed
- PR team can access all the good & bad news of the politicians
-can response quickly when any accident happens

b. Data Analytics
- Politicians can follow the current trend and create suitable content
-politicians can target the audience that will support them

c. Costs
- low cost
-can create "trending topic" without a lower cost

i18015460 — 2020-10-27 05:32:50 UTC

【Cons】
a. Speed
-Bad comment will come out immediately while bad incidents of politician hapens
-Media will spread the news quickly

b. Data Analytics
- politicians will know who like them and who do not like them.
- politicians will go against those that doesn't like them in the end

c. Authenticity
- The accuracy of information is low
-Fake news is everywhere
-The other politicians can create negative news of the specific politicians to win the election
-The elder generation will believe in the faake news and affact their decision of voting

Gender Changes in Media

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 05:17:06 UTC

Male
-male roles are allowed to play as less ‘masculine’ heroes or fluidity in roles to be played

Eg：
In "Jurassic World", Zach (the second main male character) is not muscular but he contributed a lot to save his little brother.

In my opinion, the media nowadays is trying to change people's perception on the image of male, the media is promoting the statement that "male can be smart and brave although they don't have a uper muscular body". Men are allowed to be imperfect.

My Opinion

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 08:17:30 UTC

The media has the power to either reduce or enhance the social issue which will advantage the dominant group.

Therefore, the government use their power to force the media to release the message of ideology in media in order to advantage themselves.

For example, the China government wants to increase the fertility rate of China. therefore has released the rules to restricted the LGBT content to appear in media. This is same with Malaysia government, they use the power the media to achieve their goals

In my opinion, the freedom of speech of media will be improved, they shouldn't be controlled by the government.

Semiotics in Video

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 09:39:57 UTC

-Films convey certain meaning through the use of the same codes and conventions.

-The sign represented through:
a) costume, make up
b) environment
c) lighting, camera angles, edits
d) facial expressions, gestures

Eg:
"Peek A Boo" by Red Velvet
-all the music video of korean girl group- Red Velvet has a hidden meaning
-the director use ideology of film to deliver the message

In this scene(image below), the blue lightning has represent the happens of scary incident, just like the horror movie

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 09:48:44 UTC

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 09:51:23 UTC

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 09:51:47 UTC

In this scene (Image above), the full moon represent to the happens of bad thing

As we know, the bad thing always happen on full moon

In the scene below (second last image), the burning candles represent to prayer & religion (This is reflecting the issues of cult in Korea)

(Last Image) the ring gesture which put of the eye of the girls means discrimination

The entire music video reflect the case of serial killer Yoo Young-chul who murdered 20 people across Seoul from2003 to 2004 because he hates richer and woman (discrimination)

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 09:54:48 UTC

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 09:56:12 UTC

News Routine And Journalism

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 12:20:18 UTC

-Journalists play the role of 'gatekeeper' to realease the news which they think is newsworthy

-Journalist has to collect the accurate information to ensure the accuracy of the news that the reader will receive.

- To achieve “the truth” or to “get the facts”, journalists need to clarify the needs of “the public’s right to know” and a person’s right to privacy because they will offend someone's privacy in the process of collecting information.

Rise of User-Generated Contents

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 12:53:58 UTC

1. Users and Mainstream Media

-It is existing traditional news websites that encourage users to “take part in the news” by producing and uploading their own stories on the website.

-The comments section on news websites is another way for users to contribute by commenting on the facts reported in an article

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 12:58:11 UTC

2. Pro-Am Efforts
-A number of mainstream news organizations have launched efforts to enlist the assistance of amateurs in creating news stories while maintaining control and employing professional journalists standards of fact-checking

-It could involve supplying information by readers for examination and discussion, using volunteers to sort through mountains of information “crowd-sourcing”

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 12:59:02 UTC

3.Wikinews: Collaborative Content Creation
-This involves all-amateur collaborative creations.

-Wikinews is a spin-off project of Wikipedia, where stories are written as news articles by anyone with Internet access.

-It insists that articles be written from a “neutral point of view”.

•It has guidelines that indicates that “news is factual. Opinions should be sourced from qualified sources.”

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 13:00:17 UTC

4.Citizen Journalists
-The passenger take photo of the incident that happens
-upload on social media platform
-faster than journalist
-more materials
-less accuracy of the news

Chapter 10

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 17:09:12 UTC

The Active Audience

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 17:10:01 UTC

An active audience engages, interprets and responds to a media text in different ways and is capable of challenging the ideas encoded in it.

-when a message deliver to a group of audience
some people will accept it, but some people will reject it

-they will critisize the message through their experience and knowledge

4 basic ways in which media audiences have been seen as active

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 17:13:35 UTC

1. Interpretation 解读
-meaning delivered by media are not fixed

-people have diffrent interperation/opinion towards the message based on their own experience and knowledge

-People have different reaction towards a thing because they have different common sense and semiotics

EG:
Youtube Reaction Video
Negative Reaction Video about Black Pink's “How You Like That"

Although this music video is popular in public,but there are still some people who don't like it

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 17:23:53 UTC

2. The Social Context of Interpretation
-Media is part of our social life, we interact with people on social media

-Sharing funny memes, news, song, video, image has became our daily live on social media

-Especially in the Covid-19 pandemic, we have to engage with our friends, families on social media instead of communicate face to face

-the active audience is the person who like to like, comment and share the post on social media

-they like to express their reaction on others post

EG:
Facebook Meme Sharer
-Meme is trending on Facebook and there are a group of people who like to share the funny memes and react "HAHA" on other meme post on Facebook

i18015460 — 2020-11-02 17:33:44 UTC

3. Collective Action
-this is a group of people who gather to do certain thing to achieve certain goals

-the audience engage in collective action to change media texts or media policies

-online voting, petition, protest

EG:
MAMA (Mnet Asian Music Annual)
-there is a online voting section for the fans to vote for their favourite idol
-We can see a lot of fans share the post to ask people or the other fans to vote for their idol

EG:
Petition to reduce tuition fee in Inti
-Inti Students have created a petition to ask Inti to reduce their tuition fee during Covid-19 pandemic

i18015460 — 2020-11-03 03:38:23 UTC

4. Audience as Media Producers
-Audience can produce and distribute their own media, both to criticize the major media and to provide alternative perspectives.

-Audience can now make their own media, often with limited technological know-how and at a relatively low cost.

-Everyone can create any content and upload on their social media platform, they can also be a full time online media producer to get a huge amount of profit by creating online content

EG:
Full time Social Media Influencer

Lim Big Yong/ Dissy
-they have a professional production team to create high quality content and upload it on Facebook and Youtube

Gender & Halo Effect

i18015460 — 2020-11-03 04:04:57 UTC

-Halo effect is people assume that good-looking people is perfect in all aspect.

-Good-looking people will receive more attention from people, their life will be much easier than normal looking people

-But, this is also a kind of stereotype because people will expect the good-looking people to do everything perfectly

EG:
Korean Society
-In Korean Society, beauty is a basic requirement for every single human

-If you have normal look, you may not be employed by any organization

-People tend to hire good-looking people and treat them better

Agency & Polysemy

i18015460 — 2020-11-03 04:42:25 UTC

Polysemy
-a word which has more than one meaning

-the meaning will change based on the situation

-polysemy will lead to a misunderstanding or conflict between people

Eg: "I'm hot"
-the "hot" in this sentence has two meaning

-one is saying that she feel hot in temperature

-the other one is describing that herself as sexy in body shape or custome

Structure and Interpretive Constraint

i18015460 — 2020-11-03 04:55:19 UTC

a) Social groups
-a group of people who are in a relationship to achieve a same goal to advantage themselve or others

EG: Fans Club, Company, School, Family

b) Identity
-the qualities of a person or group that make them different from others and build their self-identity

EG: age, gender, sexuality, race, body size

c) Positions of audience
-Each media text that is created is constructed to place the audience in a particular position in relation to the text.

-the audience will be able to understanding the ideology of the content

Decoding Media and Social Positions

i18015460 — 2020-11-03 05:09:41 UTC

a) The case of Nationwide
-Different socio-eco interpretations.

-People in different position will have different interpreration towards the meaning of tv programme

EG:

Bank managers—said the program was commonsensical
Labor unionists—said the program favored management

EG:
Adult think cartoon program is boring

Kids think the cartoon program is interesting

i18015460 — 2020-11-03 05:32:34 UTC

b) Gender, class, and television
-Different class and different gender will have different expectation on the realistic of tv program

Eg: Watching Television

Young Girls are tend to believe the romantic scenario in tv will happen on themselves

Working Lady will not believe the romantic scenario as they know it's less possible to happen in real life

i18015460 — 2020-11-03 06:05:41 UTC

c) Race, news, and television
-The races decoding the news differently

-The races interperate the news in their own way and this will create conflict because of the misunderstanding

EG:
The news of Tun Mahathir calls Malays lazy

-the races have different interpreration on the news

Malay: He wants to help Chinese and deprivate our special status in Malaysia

Chinese: He is praising Chinese because we are Hardworking and Rich

By the way, this news is just to maximize the hateness between Malay and Chinese

i18015460 — 2020-11-03 06:39:39 UTC

d) International readings of American TV shows
“Culture” plays a role in interpretation.

The case of American drama vs Asian drama
-Different receptions based on nationalities

The case of Friends
Different interpretations between Americans and Indians

Eg:
Sexual Scene in Movie
-there is a lot sexual scene in American movie. American would not feel weird when they watch the scene with their family

-But for Asian, we will avoid to see the skinship scene with our family
-although the characters in the movie is just holding hands or kissing, we will feel embarassed

Social Context of Media Use

i18015460 — 2020-11-03 06:45:20 UTC

Why do women watch or read 'lowbrow' romance novels and soap opera?

-Women like to read romantic novel and watch romantic scenario because they can fulfillment the desire to being love while wachting and ready the drama and novel

-The plot of the drama is nearly impossible to achieve in reality, therefore they tend to pretend themselves as the main character while seeing the romantic scenario

EG: change imagination boyfriend after watching drama

i18015460 — 2020-11-03 07:41:15 UTC

Watching television with the family

There are family member in different age range in a family. Everyone of them have different taste on watching television. But the father has the tendency to choose the television channel to watch.

The internet and the culture of sharing and disclosing

Internet helps us to interact and communicate with our friends, family, colleague easily. We are allowed to share whatever attractive post on social media.

EG:
Sharing Post on Facebook
-people are allowed to like, comment and share on Facebook

The Pleasure of Media

i18015460 — 2020-11-03 07:55:10 UTC

“Pleasure” and “fantasy” as the chief mechanism of media consumption

EG: 50 shades of grey

Audience and fantasy

Media audiences incorporate media texts into complex fantasies that can make daily life much more enjoyable

EG: The Avengers
-the superheroes are exist in the world, everyone will have the feeling of become a superhero while watching it

Celebrity games

Audience adopts a playful attitude toward the celebrity “semifictional” world

Eg:
Dating Justin Biebier Online Game

i18015460 — 2020-11-03 08:24:09 UTC

3. Global content
-content is easier to be acquired, shared and distributed across the global with a single click.

-We can acknowledge the global news quickly

-we can see the original video and image in worldwide immediately

EG:
Online shopping form oversea (Taobao/Amazon/Tian Mao)
-we are able to shopping globally
-we can see the product details before we purchase from online

i18015460 — 2020-11-03 08:24:45 UTC

2. Changes Media Production
Movie and music production can be done on software instead of using filem or something else

Eg:
Nowadays, film production can be easily done in digital form. Everyone can produce their own film by using smartphone and video editing application.
Media production isn't as difficult as the old days.

i18015460 — 2020-11-03 08:35:51 UTC

4.Interactivity
-users are allowed to share, discuss and provide feedback with friends

EG：
The social media user can express the opinion towards a post or a news under the comment area.

5.Mobility
-helps people to access media content, expanded the location and increased the amount of time we spend being connected
-we can do everything with a smartphone

Eg: E payment
(E-wallet, touch n go, Boost)
-shorten our time to do payment
-we can do everything by using a smartphone with internet

Chapter 11

i18015460 — 2020-11-10 04:07:35 UTC

The Importance

i18015460 — 2020-11-10 04:11:25 UTC

A narrative story is formed by a beginning (onece upon a time) , a middle, and an end (happily ever after, solution)

-The good analysis or reading of the story will aim to try and understand what those messages are.

-The audience usually will seek for the moral and the main point that the narrative/ story wants to deliver, people will be influenced easily by these message.

Structuralism (Narrative Analysis)

i18015460 — 2020-11-10 04:24:13 UTC

-◦A method of analysis that involves looking for and examining the underlying structures of meaning in language, social relationships, narratives and so forth.

-The audience will undestand the meaning of the narrative based on the structure of the narrative, such as sound, text, dialogue, and content of the narrtive

Narrative Pattern

i18015460 — 2020-11-10 04:57:00 UTC

Stable Situation 1 (Beginning)
-once upon a time....
-The character will live his/her normal life
-haven't face the problem/ struggles

Disruption
(Middle)
-The moment that the character face the problem/struggle/want to achieve a goals .....

Stable situation 2
(End)
-The character solves the problems/ achieves the goal
-back to normal life

Eg:

The grandpa lives happily with wife (Stable Situation 1)

The grandpa wants to achieve his and his wife's dream after his wife dies (he lose the reason to live after his wife dies)
(Disruption)

The grandpa achieve his goal and live happily ever after
(Stable Situation 2)

Character Growth

i18015460 — 2020-11-10 05:08:37 UTC

-Initially with flaws in their character or emotional problems, having work through a series of problems and tests will eventually resolved to a better person in the end.

-Flawed character > Problem > Series of tests/ character growth > Better character

-The Characters will develop themselves after solving/facing the problem and challanges

Eg: The Spiderman
-The spiderman's power grows from series to series of the movie
-He has developed himself from a normal teenager to a real superhero who can save the world

-In , the charater become stronger to save his crush on and his classmate

Point of View

i18015460 — 2020-11-10 05:17:56 UTC

-Let the audience identify the characters easily

-By using the angle of view to create a clear identification of character

-Is is the virtual connection or experience are based on the camera work, editing choices and sound techniques. LONG SHOT, FIRST PERSON VIEW.....

Voyeurism
This is a technique which build the feeling of stalking people while shooting
-Shoot from a hidden small hole to see a woman changing clothes in her room.

Eg: Hadcore Henry
This movie is shoot with the First person View, so the audience have pretend themselves as the main character in the movie

The World Goes Social

i18015460 — 2020-11-10 05:31:35 UTC

-We have moved from a “Read/Only” culture on the Internet to a “Read/Write” culture

-Read/Only = audience read and receive the content that the media releases
-Read/Write = audience read & receive the content that the media release, but the audience can also poat their content on social media

-this is a significant improvement of freedom of speech

-Social media channel is having a win-win situation with the user, they provide online platform for the user to post their content including words, sounds, images, and creatively edited music remixes, covers and mash-up videos
-the user make the social media communities interesting and attract more people to be the user of that specific social media channel

Eg: Facebook ( MEME Creator)
-Now, there are many memer share their craetive meme on facebook
-these memer have attracted many people to be a user of Fcaebook
-For example, I spend more time on Facebook compare to Instagram (more trending in young people) because of the funny memes

Ending

i18015460 — 2020-11-10 05:31:38 UTC

3 Types of Ending in Movies

1. Closed/Circular Ending
-Stable Situation 1 >Disruption > Stable Situation 2
-The character will back to her normal life after solving the struggles

Eg: Happy Death Day
-In this Netflix film, the character will be killed on her birthday, and her day is keep looping. She keeps dying and wake up and dying.
-She need to escape from the murder of the murderer, so she can escape from looping of her death.
-After she figure out the murderer and avoid to be killed on her birthday successfully, her life backs to normal

i18015460 — 2020-11-10 05:44:03 UTC

2. Closed/Progress Ending

-Stable Situation 1 > Disruption > Stable Situation 2
-The life of the character at the end of narrative will not be same as the begining

Eg: Cinderella
Cinderella lives happily with her mother and father (Stable Situation 1)

Cinderella bullied by the stepmother & stepsisiter
(Disruption)

The Cinderella marry to the prince (Stable Situation 2)

i18015460 — 2020-11-10 05:53:05 UTC

3. Open/Unresolved Ending (Cliff-Hangers)

-Stable Situation 1 >Disruption> Unknown ?

-The horror movie or action movie usually will create a open ending

-The struggles will never stop

-They can create more series for the movie, the audience would like to know what's happening after this, therefore they will keep watching every single movie in that series.

Eg: Fast & Furious 7
-The villian's twins bother has appeared in the movie after the death of villian
-But the audience didn't know he is the twins brother
-This is very confusing because the audience don't know what is going to happen in next movie

Binary Oppositions

i18015460 — 2020-11-10 05:58:27 UTC

--There will always be the notion of good vs evil, right vs wrong

2 types of Binary Opposition:
1. Dynamics of Narratives
-If the situation is good, there must be some bad thing happens in the narrative

b. Character Development

-If there's a hero, there's must be a villain

Ambiguous Cases:
-A character holds two personality
-The notion of good turned evil 黑化

Eg: The Double
-In this movie, the character, Simon is a Dissociative Identity Disorder,
He is a timid office clerk, has worked for seven years in his office but never been noticed by his boss. The other character of him is a confident and charming lookalike, James, takes a job at his workplace.
-This has reflected to his feeling of inferiority, James is the reflection of Simon's ideal life.

Dialectic synthesis –
The two opposite characteristics in the character's body have a conflict.

-It will eventually be resolved when both form a synthesis.

Chapter 12

i18015460 — 2020-11-12 15:06:35 UTC

Alternative Media/Social Media

i18015460 — 2020-11-12 15:07:47 UTC

-The first Web browsers is introduce in the 1990s to help the transformation of Internet into a mass medium

Digital immigrants
-Usually are the Gen X and baby boomer
-the technology is developed when they are already in the middle age
-Therefore, it is really difficut for them to learn the skills to use the high-tech product and social media
-Eg: our parents (Gen X), they take longer time to learn to use the smartphone and computer

Digital Native
-the generation after Gen X
-comfortable with digital vehichels and 3C product
-interact with technology since they are small
-able to learn the skills of digital application quickly
-Eg: Generation Z
we know how to use diffent website or appplication

Blog

i18015460 — 2020-11-13 04:37:58 UTC

-Before the launching of Facebook & Instagram, Bog is the most popular social media channel
-Blog allowed the user to share their information online

-Blog provides a platform for the user to build their own website

-they can change the curser, insert image and video, link their blog to different website

-But now, blog is not longer trending as Facebook, & Instagram because the user need to do a lot of designing on their own blog, FB & IG are more user-friendly

-By the way, blog providing a place for even professional journalists to informally share ideas before a more formal new story gets published

Types of blogs:
-Travel blogs
-Food blogs
-Lifestyle blogs
-Fashion blogs

The bloggers usually post their review on the blogs

Collaborative Projects

i18015460 — 2020-11-13 06:15:04 UTC

-allowed everyone to edit and share their content on the same site

-Everyone are allowed to refer/modify/ add on their information without asking the permisson of the content creator and the accurate citation

-Eg: Wikipedia
-Everyone are aloowed to create a site/introduction for anything
-the released content can be changed/edited by everyone
-The sources can't be fully trusted because everyone can add false information in the site
-the content can be added without an accurate citation/ evidents

For Negativ example:

The US billionaire （Louis Bacon） wins high court order over Wikipedia 'defamation‘

Positive example

i18015460 — 2020-11-13 06:27:17 UTC

Kickstarter
- is a funding platform for creative projects. Everything from films, games, and music to art, design, and technology

Change.org
-is a website for peopleto sign the petition for raising the awareness of public towards a specific campaign or incidents

Content Communities

i18015460 — 2020-11-13 06:34:49 UTC

-exist for the sharing of all types of content, from text to photos and videos.

-The social media platform which is most trending in current generation

-very user-friendly

-Everyone can share their creative content, lifestyle, production on content communities

-The content can be very casual and informal

Eg:
Instagram (to post photos,user like to share their daily life on Ig or share beautiful photos to gain follower and reputation)

YouTube (to post videos and pay for video views, most of the Gen Z want to be a full-time youtuber after they grow up)

Fan Fiction (people can create a fiction about their favourite celebrity)

Wattpad (release your story, content, novel, article at here)

Social Networking Sites

i18015460 — 2020-11-13 06:50:55 UTC

-exists for interaction of people
-the people are allowed post picture, words, video,or even conduct a stream live on some of it
-the "online friends" are allowed to comment, react, create connection with the user

Eg:
Facebook
-can post everything, content are usually for entertainment, such as meme, comedy video
-people can react on the post and share the interesting content to their friends
-Facebook will always suggest the friend that you might know to the user
-It's helpful for the user to recreate connection with their old friends

LinkedIn
-allowed to connect with the people that you might know
-the organization can message the uder directly if they are innterested with the information of the user.

Virtual Game Worlds & Virtual Social Worlds

i18015460 — 2020-11-13 07:02:47 UTC

-a virtual game and social world which provides a rich 3-D environment for the players to play in the world

-There are many virtual avatar for the user to choose

-The players take or create their own avatars through simulated environments and even make transactions with virtual money

-This is how the gaming application earn the profit.

-Usually the player are allowed to invite their friends to play with them in a same virtual room, and build relationship with other players,such as couple, brother, sister and more

-Eg: Honor of Kings
-The player are allowed to invite their friends to play in a virtual room
-The friends can fight with other team or fight with their own friend
-It provides the function for player to assign as a spouse of the other player.

Online Journalism

i18015460 — 2020-11-13 07:41:12 UTC

-Compared with the old days, the people nowadays tend to subscribe or read the onlie newspaper instead of buy the hard-copy newspaper.

-The new digital technology allows the journalists to insert the image, video or audio in the online newspaper, the content is more interesting for reading

-Besides, the online journalism includes the photos & videos of specific incident which posted by the passenger, but the reader should concern about the accuracy of these news before spreading it to their friends

-Main stream media takes longer time to get the resources compare with the passengers

-Eg:
The spread of Covid-19 victims news
-There many fake news released through social media which try to spread the false news of "someone have tested positive for Covid-19"

-This phenomenon has created chaos in the socciety

Photojournalism

i18015460 — 2020-11-13 08:04:20 UTC

-Photojournalism is currently playing an important social role

-In this generation, photos can be took in 1 second and spread on online immediately

-But, the authenticity of the photo is not qualified, the absence of physical film and the proof is the key problem of the photo that posted online.

-The digital images be easily altered, and such alteration can be very difficult to detect.

-In today’s age of Photoshop, the photo can be edited easily and upload online to release a false story to the public.

-People tend to see the image and give judgemnt on the person but not look into the real story o it.

-But now, people prefer to watch videos with music and audio which is more visualize and interesting

-Compared to photojournalism, video can directly protrays message or story, it is more attractive for the audience.

Example

i18015460 — 2020-11-13 08:51:40 UTC

Fake "Child Abude" case in Taiwan

-few years ago, a facebook user captured a photo of a young girl who wore a singlet and the mother wore a jacket on the motorcylcle in the season of autumn

-The picture has spread among the Taiwan community, the people made a statement of "the mother expose her child in the cold temperature which is a action of child abuse"

-But the truth is, the child didn't want to wear more clothes,she didn't feel cold at all, the mother has advised her to keep warm, but the child didn't want to

-The mother has been blamed by the entire Taiwan community, her daily life has been affected by the photo

-she respected her child, this is not child abuse, she thinked that her child has her own feeling on temperature

-This cases has reflected on the issues of people nowadays like to make their own story by just viewing a photo, they didn't look into the truth, but making judgement by themselves.