Personal Control: Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feelings helpless

External Locus of Control: The perception that chance or outside forces beyond your control determine your fate

Internal Locus of Control: The perception that one controls their own fate

Learned Helplessness: The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Positive Psychology: The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive

B.F. Skinner

Ivan Pavlov

John B. Watson

Erving Goffman

Lev Vygotsky

-Emphasizes the important o external events and how we interpret them

-We learn many of our behavior through conditioning or by observing others and modeling our behavior after theirs

-Importance of mental process: What we think about our situations affects our behavior

-Focus on how we and out environment interact

William Sheldon

Carl Jung

Personality Inventory: A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors

MMPI: The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes

Empirically Derived Test: A test developed by testing a pool items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

-Combination and interaction of various traits that is unique to each individual

-Focused on identifying and measuring these individual personality characteristic

-Three main categories of traits that people are categorized in include, central traits,secondary traits, and cardinal traits

that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger

projection of one's inner dynamics.

TAT: A projective test in which people express their inner 

feelings and interests through the stories they make

up about ambiguous scenes.

Rorschach Inkblot Test: The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots; 

seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their

interpretations of ink blots

Repression: Defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psycho sexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

Reaction Formation: Defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety

-arousing unconscious feelings

Projection: Defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Rationalization: Offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening

Displacement: Shifts sexual aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

Subliminal: People re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities

Unconditional Positive Regard: An attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Self-concept: All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Self-esteem: One's feelings of high or low self-worth

Self-serving bias: A readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Individualism: Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Collectivism: Giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly

-Emphasizes the importance of free will and the ability to make positive choices

-Individuals should be studied as whole people rather than simply through reflexes, thought processes, or habits

-People are unique and have the potential for dignity, creativity, and self-worth and hsould view themselves with unconditional

positive regard as they strive for self-actualization

Humans are basically good; it is society that causes undesirable ways of behaving

Free Association: A method of exploring the unconscious in which a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Psychoanalysis: Freud's Theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Unconscious: A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Information processing of which we are unaware.

Pre-conscious: Information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness

id: Strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

ego: "executive" part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and relaity. Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

superego: Represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and future aspirations

Psycho sexual stages: The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Oedipus Complex: A boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Electra Complex: A girl's desire toward her father

Identification: The process by which, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing sueregos

Fixation: A lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved

Collective Unconscious: Concept of a share, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

Abraham Maslow

Rollo May

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

Carl Jung

Alred Adler

Harry Stack Sullivan

Anna Freud

Erik Erikson

Karen Horney

Erich Fromm

- Argues that people are driven by sexual and aggressive urges

-Uses free association to discover the latent (hidden) meanings behind behavior and psycho-

logical disturbances

-Neo-Freudians refuted the emphasis on psycho-sexual theories of development and proposed psycho-social aspects, believing that social and cultural influences were important

-Neo-Freudians also believed that inferiority feelings can develop into drives that become major motivators in personality; that our desire for freedom to make us feel isolated from others; personality can't exist apart from interpersonal relationships with others