https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e Case Study of Jordans Labour Market in relation to gender as a factor of discrimination en-us 2021-10-15 15:42:43 UTC 2021-10-19 09:49:04 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/2640.png laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1819938573 - small country with population of ~10 million
- mild Mediterranean climate
- mostly desert, scarce rainfall
- high urban density
- almost completely landlocked, slight access to Gulf of Aqaba ]]> 2021-10-15 15:44:56 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1819938573 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1819939203 - 2/3 of inhabitants are nationals
- other 1/3 are immigrant factory workers or refugees
- 1.4m Syrian refugees
- most refugees are in host communities not refugee camps, impacting access to resources and opportunities
- 10% of Jordan nationals are expatriated, mostly high-skilled men]]> 2021-10-15 15:45:14 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1819939203 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1819939577 - men perceived as ultimate decision makers
- 90% women say their husbands or fathers view on employment is important
- women said 35% partners disapprove of them working in mixed-gender employment
- 60% men disprove of wife working in mixed gender work
- 42% women think partner will disprove of returning home after 5pm
- 70% men disprove of women returning home after 5pm
- 80% of population think when jobs are scarce, men should have more right to jobs than women
- 70% population believe men make better business executives
- it is  younger generations that view the roles of women differently, rather than older generations]]> 2021-10-15 15:45:24 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1819939577 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1819940259 - globally 80% garment workers are women
- participation in employment is suggested to improve the social skills, mental wellbeing and self-perceptions of women
- mixing of women from different backgrounds and countries in the workplace can improve their skill set, such as languages
- generally many rural workers work in garment factories as their distance from capitals limits their opportunities ]]> 2021-10-15 15:45:44 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1819940259 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1819955057 - ranks 138th out of 153 in Gender Gap Index
- ranks 81st out of 153 in educational attainment gap
- ranks 145th out of 153 in economic participation and opportunity, with large gaps in labour force
- female unemployment is 23.3%
- female: male ratio in labour force is 22.6%, lower than global averages
- women earn 12.3% less than men on average
- larger gender pay gap in private sector (17%, compared to 11% in public)
- in elementary occupations, women earn 16% more than men
- only 19% women in Jordan are employed
- Mens labour force participation is 87%, womens is 22%
- 57% of women who are unemployed want to work
- 94% of Syrian refugee women not working compared to 80% of Jordan nationals
- 17% of Syrian refugee women reported they worked in Syria prior to conflict
- 60% of employed women have degree or higher
- 31% unemployed women have no higher qualifications than primary education]]> 2021-10-15 15:53:15 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1819955057 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1819973162 - unlikely to be lack of education as 67% have higher than secondary education qualifications
- likely to stem from difficulty in labour market transitions
- mismatch between skills and labour market demands (11%)
- childcare and household responsibilities (20-28%)
- family objections to women working (16%)
- perceived lack of opportunity (20%) in terms of in the local area, and because of gender
- horizontal and vertical segregation in labour market
- need for flexibility and part-time work due to familial responsibilities
- hiring and wage discrimination based on gender and refugee status
- lack of adequate public transportation
- rural womens participation in agriculture has declined due to lack of training programmes and participation incentive
- paradoxal as women are very highly educated in Jordan, but labour market participation is very low ]]> 2021-10-15 16:02:25 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1819973162 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1826582407 - 10 weeks paid maternity leave
- 3 days paid paternity leave
- 2019 law that employers have to provide childcare facilities for women if they have at least 15 women with children under 5
- women hold fewer positions in trade union governing bodies with no female president ever
- married men with children receive monthly allowance, only widows or carer women given allowance
- some forms of workplace harassment are illegal
- cost of registering business is disproportional to average income ]]> 2021-10-19 08:57:41 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1826582407 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1826585545 2021-10-19 08:59:10 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1826585545 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1826639262 - created in 2009
- partnership between International Labour Organisation and International Finance Corporation
- engages with workers, employers and governments to improve working conditions etc 
- ending in 2022
- latest funding = USD 2,250,000 (2020)
- lowest funding year = 2014 = USD 700,000
- 2 tired approach = factory level and institutional/ policy level]]> 2021-10-19 09:29:20 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1826639262 https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1826655251 - They aim to impact 65,000 families
- Lifts them out of poverty and into work
- Aim to empower women to contribute more to economic growth 
-

]]> 2021-10-19 09:38:06 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1826655251 https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1826661238 - helped build the capacity of national stakeholders
- stakeholders report a change in mentality and working methods 
- claim to be more orientated to worker’s wellbeing
- decrease in complaints and work injuries. As well as a decrease in reports of disputes]]> 2021-10-19 09:41:33 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1826661238 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1826666803 - encouraged vaccine uptakes 
- began doing factory inspections 
- established trade agreements to simplify 'rules of origin' with EU, and reduced duty rates and quota-free access to USA
- facilitated agreements and regulation changes in regards to pay, sick leave, travel, communication and accommodation during COVID 19 
- close relationship with government 
- encouraged skills advancements and participation in higher-level roles 
- integrated training and support for trade unions 
- close, direct communication with workers themselves
- mental well-being surveys and support ]]> 2021-10-19 09:44:59 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1826666803 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1826667991 - no expansion, or indication of goal for expansion to other countries where similar issues occur 
- ]]> 2021-10-19 09:45:43 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1826667991 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1826671850 - work more closely with government to encourage financial support and continue labour compliance 
- increase union capacity to advocate for workers through long-term continuous mechanisms 
- continue surveying factories and identifying non-compliance 
- improve and deepen relationships with brands and continue encouraging responsible sourcing ]]> 2021-10-19 09:47:58 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/rz2u83gpbnxfll7e/wish/1826671850