•What is "pedogenesis"?:
�The science and study of the processes that lead to the formation of soil (progressive transformation of bedrock into soil)
•Steps:
1.Meteorization: From parent Rock the minerals decompose and with time the weather and vegetation mix the elements of it.
2. Inorganic Chemical Action: Acids form and start taking down compounds and releasing more minerals and chemicals.
3.Biologic action: Materials are broken down by animal life, plants and bacteria.
4. Actions and reactions performed by all organic and inorganic materials
•Factors:
Climate – Determines the volume of precipitations and the temperatures at which the chemical alterations take place. 
The relief – Make it easier of difficult according to the inclination of the surface and the infiltration of water. This determines the level of erosion in the soil and orientation according to the sun. 
The biological activity – This interfere in the chemical alteration of rocks through the humid acids, coming from the decomposition of organic remains. 
The lithological composition - Determines what will be the alteration products caused from an alteration of rocks made by water, atmosphere and living beings. This influences the level of acidic of the resulting soil.

Soil Composition: 

 

Micronutrients     

A shortage of micronutrients can limit plant growth and crop yields. Too great a shortage could even cause plant death, even with all other essential elements fully represented. Micronutrients include:

·Boron (B): Transports sugar to roots and tops

·Chloride (Cl): Aids in plant metabolism 

·Copper (Cu): Activates enzymes, aides in chlorophyll production and is involved in protein synthesis

·Iron (Fe): Essential for formation of chlorophyll 

·Manganese (Mn): Important for the production of chlorophyll 

·Molybdenum (Mo): Reduces nitrates for protein synthesis 

·Nickel (Ni): Essential for formation of chlorophyll 

·Zinc (Zn): Activates enzymes

As plants develop, from seedling stage to harvest, their need for nutrition varies. During the seedling stage, the need for nutrients is low, but it gradually starts to increase. Nutrient demand quickly increases during the vegetative state. In the reproductive stage, demand lessens again: While plants still need nutrients, the demand is mostly met by a redistribution of elements held in the vegetative tissues.

Macronutrients

Nitrogen: Required by plants in the largest quantity mostly by the limiting factor in crop productivity.

Potassium: Helps mainly in crop production speed process.Large amounts of soil are absorbed from the root zone for production of agronomic crops. 

Sulfur: Help plants to build organic molecules.   

Magnesium:  in soil solution, is in equilibrium with the exchangeable magnesium and is available for plants.

Phosphorus: The most important of its main roles in living organisms is in the transfer of energy.

Calcium: Is responsible for holding together the cell walls of plants.

The Importance of Micronutrients in Soil. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2016, from https://www.southernstates.com/articles/importance-of-micronutrients.aspx

Micronutrients. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2016, from http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/mauisoil/c_nutrients04.aspx

    Macronutrients and Micronutrients. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2016, from     http://soils.wisc.edu/facstaff/barak/soilscience326/macronut.htm

-          Texture

-          Structure

-          Soil depth

-          Soil water characteristics

-          Available soil wáter

-          Color

-          Consistency

-          Porosity

-          Density

-          Water Flows

Chemical Properties: interaction of various chemical constituents that takes place among soil particles and in the soil solution.

-          pH

-          Salinity

-          Cation Exchange capacity 

-          Organic matter

-          C:N  ratio

Biological properties: concern to properties related to microbial and faunal activity in soil.

-          Mineralization

-          Nitrification

-          Nitrogen fixation

-          Denitrification

-          FAO.org. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2016, from http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/soil-properties/en/

-          FAO.org. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2016, from http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/soil-properties/biological-properties/en/ nsi��T�&"�