https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1 comparing empires research activity en-us 2020-04-29 07:48:44 UTC 2023-09-10 03:40:24 UTC hello@padlet.com 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538370761

Overthrew Ming Dynasty

• From Manchuria, neighboring kingdom
• Established the Qing Dynasty in 1644
• Ruled till 1911

Expanded China

• Forces sent to Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia → combined with empire
• Imposed protectorate over Tibet

Military campaigns sent west of China

• Annexation of Xinjiang

During Qianlong’s reign, bureaucracy became corrupt

• High taxes placed on the people
• Started the White Lotus Rebellion by peasants
  • Wanted Ming Dynasty back
• Government suppressed uprising brutally
• Civil Service Examination continued
  • Used to asses abilities of scholar-gentry
  • For government service
• Put Manchus in high positions of power
  • Less tolerant
• Opium War broke out against Britain to stop opium trade
  • In 1839
  • Another conflict in the 1850s led to the opening of trade to Britain freely
• Treaty of Nanking in 1842 made
  • Ended Opium War
  • Opened up five ports for British
  • Opium continued to flow into China
• Started using paper money more for commerce

Proved legitimacy for crown through Mandate of Heaven

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Economic innovations with credit

• Had native banks 
  • Allowed deposits
  • Made loans
  • Transferred funds

Improvements with porcelain

• Able to make smooth colors called blown red

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Under Emperor Qianlong → good economy

• All-time-high with government taxes
• Well administered government

Empire needed funds

• Sold trading privileges to Europe
• Limited them to Canton though
• British were not satisfied

Qing lifted Ming’s restrictions on trade

• Traded only through the port of Canton

Traded Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain

• Brought in large quantities of silver
• Basis of Chinese economy

British didn’t want to trade so much silver

• Traded large amounts of opium instead
• Many became addicted
• Chinese started paying large amount of silver for the drug

Restored agriculture for profit

• Rice and wheat were large crops
• Used a cropping cycle

Sold consumption crops and raw materials

• Stimulated economic growth

Big part in foreign trade

• Luxury goods were popular
• Involved in Silk Roads

]]> 2020-04-29 07:53:03 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538374337 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538376061

Chinese were required to wear hair in queues

• Braided pigtail style of Manchus
• Test of loyalty

Strong Confucianist culture and tradition

Painting and porcelain were main forms of art

Literature resembled Ming Dynasty with its classical form

• Literature was controlled by government

Idea of legalism developed

]]> 2020-04-29 07:53:58 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538376061 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538377280 Severe floods, droughts, and famines at the time]]> 2020-04-29 07:54:34 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538377280 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538378527

Work and family responsibilities affected by addiction to opium

Still patriarchy and patrilineal

Had servitude

• Enslaved prisoners of war
• Many households had domestic servants

Social mobility increased

• With civil service examination
• Downward mobility was more common though

Banned people in society from participating or discussing politics

Urban culture spread

Forbid intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese

Ruling elites mastered the Chinese language and Confucian teachings

Enforced Confucian gender roles

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Civil-service exam was reinstated and expanded

Public officials who were incompetent or corrupt were beaten publicly

Thought control/ censorship of documents was sanctioned by the government

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Woodblock typing and printing were enhanced and advanced

Huochung gun created for defense in empire

• First made with bamboo then bronze

Ship rudders were also invented during this time for maritime

• Helped traverse deep waters and strong waves
• Helped steer large ships

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Limited outside influence on China by restricting trade

Prohibited private foreign trade

Destroyed dockyards, limited size of ships that could be built

Began reconstructing the Great Wall

Formerly engaged in major expeditions of exploration lead by Zheng He which later stopped due to being too costly

]]> 2020-04-29 07:56:08 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538380467 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538381840

Conservatism ; emphasized the importance of Confucianism and reinvigorated the traditional system

Neo-Confucianism increased its influence

]]> 2020-04-29 07:56:49 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538381840 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538382670

Series of natural disasters at end of reign

• Unusual cold and dry weather
• Known as the Little Ice Age
• Caused many famines

Severe flooding

• Government unable to manage irrigation & flood-control projects

Widespread epidemic spread

Famine and drought begun by rebels in the 1620s & 1630s

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Scholar-gentry was revived

Women were still banned from taking the exam

Strongly patriarchal, women still subordinate

Women kept a subordinate position in society

• Not allowed to take civil service examination

]]> 2020-04-29 07:57:18 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538382865 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538389594

• Rebuilt canals, reservoirs, & irrigation systems
• Planting a billion trees
• Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang - warlord
  • Helped expel Mongols from China
• Scholar-Gentry class was restored
• Civil 
• Service Examination was reinstated
• Corrupt public officials were beaten and removed
• Neo-Confucianism - which supported strict obedience to government - gathered influence
• Zheng He maritime expeditions spread the glory of China 
  • Brought many tributary states for China to earn revenue from
• Restored Great Wall of China to keep invaders out
• After Mongol rule, took over
• All signs of foreign rule were eliminated of Mongols
• Promoted Confucian teachings and ruling
• Restored millions of acres of cultivation
• Rebuilt canals, reservoirs, & irrigation systems
• Planting a billion trees

]]> 2020-04-29 08:00:42 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538389594 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538390494

Manchus has formed a strong military state through conquest

By 1644, they had captured Beijing

Captured the lands of the Ming Empire then expanded

• Taiwan
• Lots of Mongolia and Xinjiang

Used tributary system to remain superior over countries like Korea and Vietnam

Continued use of civil service examination to recruit bureaucrats

Controlled Taiwan, Mongolia, and some of Central Asia

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Ruled by many incompetent leaders

• Last 200 years of the empire

Maintenance of dams, dikes, and irrigation systems was neglected

Nomadic people continued to exert pressure on Great Wall

In 1644, the nomadic group of the Manchus finally took over

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Opium Wars caused many addictions and weakened empire

• British got power over empire

Internal revolts

• Taiping Rebellion
• Dungan Revolted to many deaths
• High population
  • Taxes too low
  • Didn’t change to adjust to population
  • Concentration of land ownership not controlled
  • Food shortages
  • Regular famine

Civilian unrest by floods and famines 

• Led to revolts and rebellions

Bureaucratic inefficiency and corruption spread

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Lots of commerce that brought revenue

• Silk Roads were a source of wealth
• Sold silk and porcelain

Maintained Chinese Traditions

Zheng He maritime expeditions spread the glory of China 

• Brought many tributary states for China to earn revenue from other countries
• Amazing maritime expeditions that acquired China tributes besides that

Highly centralized government

• Power in emperor

Economy was rebounded and international and domestic trade grew and became major part of empire

]]> 2020-04-29 08:18:21 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538427737 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538428188

Effective government tax collection 

Handicraft commerce spread and prospered

Strong Confucian cultures and traditions

Many decorative crafts that were sold in Silk Roads

• Porcelain
• Painting

Expanded to protect against Mongols

Manchus ruled separately in the office called Court of Colonial Affairs

Large, expanded empire

• Had small, important non-Chinese minority

Impoverished Central Asia

• Silk Road decline
• Oceanic trade more important

Nomadic pastoralists no longer free

• Went to urban areas

]]> 2020-04-29 08:18:32 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/538428188 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/545434935 2020-05-02 11:42:53 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/545434935 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/545435945 2020-05-02 11:44:15 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/545435945 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/545436258 2020-05-02 11:44:41 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/545436258 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/545436400 2020-05-02 11:44:49 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/545436400 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546093812 The “Sacred Edict” was a set of moral and governmental instructions on life by the imperial authorities. The edict was created by the Kangxi Emperor, but revised to its current state by his son, the Yongzheng Emperor (1723-1735). It was recited regularly at villages as a form of moral instruction started by the Ming but later more systematically done by the Qing. The edict was used often for local rituals conducted throughout the Qing Empire. ]]> 2020-05-02 22:32:27 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546093812 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546094281 The audience was intended for the civilians and members of the Ming and Qing empire in this period to set rules and laws to keep the citizens in line. ]]> 2020-05-02 22:33:23 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546094281 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546094833 This point of view is a Confucian view of morals and rules to do with society and family. The government is Confucianism in China, so of course these teachings and laws are based on the ideology.]]> 2020-05-02 22:34:20 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546094833 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546095282 The purpose of this document was to enforce Confucian laws and rules on the citizens to follow, and give a set of guidelines for society and what’s expected of citizens. Through these rules, the government is enforcing an ideology and forcing citizens to follow this way of life.]]> 2020-05-02 22:35:05 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546095282 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546152890 The Ming Dynasty was after the Mongol Empire of the Yuan. The document discusses the series of emperors that ruled in the Ming Dynasty and their effect, specifically on the expansion and decline of the empire during the reign. In this period, Mongol threats were also consistent, so military and defenses were very important for the empire. They soon were weakened and finally defeated by the nomads in Manchuria, the Manchus]]> 2020-05-03 00:39:38 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546152890 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546152967 This document was intended as an educational source for anyone researching the Ming online to help understand the empire and their expansion and decline.]]> 2020-05-03 00:39:51 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546152967 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546153021 The source was an online website that informed about the subject, so thus the point of view was relatively unbiased and trustworthy, using mostly facts that are commonly accepted regarding that part of history.]]> 2020-05-03 00:40:01 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546153021 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546153058 The purpose of this document is to educate and inform the readers of a piece of history and give a general summary of the expansion and decline of the Ming Empire.]]> 2020-05-03 00:40:09 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546153058 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546154462 The Ming Dynasty lasted about two centuries before coming to a decline where a multitude of reasons contributed to the reason for their end, and as they weakened the Manchus were able to take advantage and conquer China. During this decline, the rules were incompetent, there were many natural disasters, and there were different rebellions that all weakened the empire in different ways.]]> 2020-05-03 00:43:48 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546154462 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546154532 The intended audience for this document was students and researchers who were trying to learn more about the Ming. The source was provided as a source of education from a textbook to help inform others of history]]> 2020-05-03 00:44:00 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546154532 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546154585 The point of view of this document is through a third party and is a secondary source, which could reveal an unbiased perspective from centuries ahead. This document was made long after this time though so there could be historical inaccuracies]]> 2020-05-03 00:44:07 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546154585 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546154604 The purpose of this document is to inform and educate the readers about the reasons for the fall of the Ming Dynasty. It provides a source of information and research and allows for someone to gather and learn info about the Ming as well.]]> 2020-05-03 00:44:12 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546154604 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546155303 2020-05-03 00:46:14 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546155303 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546155948

Conquest from Manchuria

Expanded China in neighboring regions

Half of Manchus were put into positions of power

Civil Service Examination

Decline due to weak management of population

Weak and incompetent string of rulers near the end of reign

Ended up being entered by British through Opium Wars

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Tried to hide trace of outside influence

Restricted foreigners from entering

Restored Confucian teachings and civil service examination

Government controlled region strictly

Censored people and publications in empire

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Established empire from power vacuum left by Seljuk Turks

Conquered Constantiople

United most of Arab World through expansion

Had Janissaries for their military and bureaucracy

Declined because of inability to maintain large army and bureaucracy

Ottoman rules became corrupt and taxes became higher

Empire fell behind in warfare technology

]]> 2020-05-03 00:48:52 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546156274 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546156335

North and Central India were put under control

Conquered large portion through superior gunpowder technology

Established bureaucracy and patronized arts

Removed Jizya tax by Akbar

Later reinstated

Decline due to cost to protect northern borders from Mongols

Centralized government broke down into several political organizations

Opened doors for foreign powers, like the British, to take over

]]> 2020-05-03 00:49:01 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546156335 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546156373

All-time-high with government taxes

Well-administered government

Sold trading privileges to Europe

Qing lifted Ming’s restrictions on trade

Traded only through the port of Canton

Traded Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain

Brought in large quantities of silver

Restored agriculture for profit

Rice and wheat were large crops

Used a cropping cycle

Sold consumption crops and raw materials

]]> 2020-05-03 00:49:09 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546156373 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546156453

Had little outside trade except in certain areas with Europeans

Limited outside influence on China by restricting trade

Prohibited private foreign trade

Destroyed dockyards, limited size of ships that could be built

Began reconstructing the Great Wall

Formerly engaged in major expeditions of exploration lead by Zheng He which later stopped due to being too costly

]]> 2020-05-03 00:49:21 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546156453 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546156511

Involved very heavily in Silk Trade

Used taxes in country and trade routes to make revenue

Used devershime to staff military and government

Janissaries used for received education to work as administrators

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Fairly administrated laws

Efficient government

Strong, centralized government by Akbar

Effective civil service

Zamindars were government officials used for specific economic tasks

Got to keep parts of tax when collected

Centralized authority through architecture, art, and religion for control

]]> 2020-05-03 00:49:38 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546156551 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546156615

Patriarchal Society

Social mobility upward and downward

Forbidden intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese

Enforced Confucian gender roles

Servitude still alive

Forbidden for citizens to speak about politics against Manchus

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Patriarchal Society

Women not allowed to participate in Civil Service Examination

Jesuits allowed to enter country

Transmitted Christianity along with scientific and technological advancements

]]> 2020-05-03 00:49:55 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546156671 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546156763

Patriarchal Society

Some lower class women became involved in trade and small businesses

Women had no opportunity for education or politics

]]> 2020-05-03 00:50:09 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546156763 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546156788

Encouraged unity between muslims and Hindus

Tried to encourage unity with everyone in the region, especially by Akbar

All of this reversed by later emperor

Women were encouraged by Akbar to have a better role in society

Encouraged remarrying and outlawed sati

Arranged for women-only market days

Women rights had also been discontinued later on in the reign

Art and Architecture was important in empire and blended Muslim and HIndu styles

]]> 2020-05-03 00:50:14 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546156788 22sali1_1 https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546159140 During this period, many empires rose to power and reached their peaks, centralizing authority through many different ways and leading the regions through strong periods in different ways. Several land-based and maritime empires began that were multi-ethnic and had direct political control over large regions and were involved with international and regional trade across Eurasia. These countries were often involved with the three major trade routes as well, where goods and materials were bought by these regions as well as sold. One of the empires that rose and fell in this period was the Ming Empire, which came after a period of Mongol control, the Yuan Dynasty, and took control with an iron-clad fist to rid themselves of Mongol or any other outside influence. They were soon taken over by nomads in Manchuria, the Manchus, and the Qing Empire began, where their rule was legitimized by the Mandate of Heaven, as they began to control and demand loyalty from the Chinese. Both these empires went through their peaks in this period and experienced many similarities and differences in their ruling that had an effect on the larger outside world of the region.]]> 2020-05-03 00:56:32 UTC https://padlet.com/22sali1_1/rv20a51ruhxesvs1/wish/546159140