~ the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.

~ an action or threat designed to influence the government or intimidate the public. its purpose is to advance a political, religious or ideological cause.

How the government prevent terrorism;

~the government run a multi agency prevent programme which aims to stop individuals becoming terrorists and the police service play a key role. they work with local authority partners and community organisations to help find solutions and work to support and protect vulnerable people.

Events of terrorism attacks example;

• Manchester Bombings- 22 may 2017, Islamist extremist suicide bomber. 23 people died, including the attacker. 1017 were injured, some children. the bomber was Salman Ramadan Abedi, 22 years old. this incident was the deadliest attack and the first suicide bombing in the UK since the 7th July 2005 London bombings.

*terrorism

*espionage

*weapons of mass destruction

-malware (short for malicious software, takes various forms, including viruses, worms, trojans and ransomware).

-phishing (attackers specifically target individuals with security privileges or influence).

-ransomware ( an attack, the victims computer is locked, typically by encryption, which keeps the victim from using the device or data).

-crypto jacking (the unauthorised use of someone's computer to mine crypto currency).

Russia's Tsar bomba: World's most powerful nuclear weapon of mass destruction. The Tsar bomba exploded about 4 km above the ground and reportedly produced a mushroom cloud 60 km high.

(nuclear, chemical and biological weapons).- main weapons of mass destruction, both China and Russia are making advances in at least some of these areas.

An example of espionage is when one country sends spies to gather military information about another country. Another example of espionage is when someone hacks into a computer network to steal information.

Conflict overseas refers to conflicts or disputes that occur in countries or regions outside of one's own country. These conflicts can arise due to various factors such as political, ethnic, religious, or territorial differences. They can range from internal conflicts within a country to international conflicts involving multiple nations.

Overseas conflicts can have significant consequences, including loss of life, displacement of people, destruction of infrastructure, and economic instability. They can also have broader regional or global implications, affecting diplomatic relations, trade, and international security.

Efforts to address overseas conflicts often involve diplomatic negotiations, peacekeeping missions, humanitarian aid, and international cooperation. The goal is to find peaceful resolutions, promote stability, and protect human rights.
One example of an overseas conflict is the ongoing civil war in Syria. The conflict began in 2011 as a result of protests against the government and has since escalated into a complex and multifaceted conflict involving various factions and international actors. The conflict has caused immense human suffering, with millions of people displaced and significant destruction of infrastructure. Efforts to find a lasting resolution and bring stability to the region continue to be a challenge.

-more examples;

-human smuggling

-extortion

-illegal arms trade.

Serious and organised crime refers to criminal activities that are carried out by well-structured and coordinated groups. These crimes are often of a more significant nature and involve planning, coordination, and the involvement of multiple individuals. These types of crimes can have far-reaching impacts on society, posing threats to public safety, national security, and the economy.

These services work collaboratively to identify, assess, and respond to security threats, ensuring the safety and well-being of the public.

the MI5 is also known as the Security Service, it is the United Kingdom's domestic counter-intelligence and security agency and is part of it's intelligence machinery alongside the Secret intelligence Service, Government Communications Headquarters, and Defence Intelligence.

what does the MI5 do?

-the role of the MI5, as defined in the Security Service Act 1989, is "the protection of national security and in particular its protection against threats such as terrorism, espionage and sabotage, the activities of agents of foreign powers, and from actions intended to overthrow or undermine parliamentary democracy.

-keeps the country safe, and has done for more than a century.

SIS- often known as MI6.

what do they do?

-collects Britain's foreign intelligence.

-it provides the government with a global covert capability to promote and defend the national security and economic well-being of the country.

• the SIS work with the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office.

Government Communications Headquarters.

what do they do?

An intelligence and security organisation responsible for providing signals intelligence and information assurance to the government and armed forces of the UK.

-protects intelligence.

-protects information

-informs relevant UK policy to keep society safe and successful in the internet age.

How services work in partnership;

• training for frontline staff in recognising, referring and responding to radicalisation.

• a variety of projects to build capacity, increase resilience and improve understanding of extremism and radicalisation with partners such as; schools, colleges, frontline staff, community groups, venues and parents.

• a referral service for concerns, called Channel, which acts as an early intervention service to safeguard vulnerable individuals from radicalisation.

this is the name of the UK's counter-terrorism strategy.

contest is split into four work streams that are known within the counter terrorism community as the "four P's" ; {Prevent, Pursue, Protect and Prepare}.

Prevent- stop people from becoming drawn into or supporting terrorism. this includes countering terrorist ideology and challenging those who promote it; supporting individuals who are especially vulnerable to becoming radicalised; and working with sectors and institutions where the risk of radicalisation is assessed to be high.

Pursue- stops terrorist attacks by detecting, protecting, and otherwise disrupting those who plot to carry out attacks against the UK or its interests overseas.

Protect- to strengthen protection against a terrorist attack in the UK or against it's interests overseas and so reduce their vulnerability. the work focuses on border security the transport system, national infrastructure and public places.

Prepare- to mitigate the impact of a terrorist attack where that attack cannot be stopped. This includes work to bring a terrorist attack to an end and to increase the UK's resilience so we can recover from the aftermath.

• perimeter/fencing

• lighting

• door and window locks

• key management procedures

• physical patrolling

• control of entry and exit points

• CCTV surveillance

• property marking

• security surveys.

Perimeter/fencing;

ideal for stopping the access and exit of people on a compound, base or facility. It can be used in a variety of ways, often the first line of defence for a facility, one major defect is that it can be easily beaten by a vehicle or hostile with weaponry.

some of these are;

• electrical fencing

• barbed wire tops

• high rise fencing

Lighting;

there are 4 main types-

• continuous lighting; barrier of light that continuously shines in specific areas to protect the most sensitive parts if the base.

• stand by lighting; reserve supply for the continuous as it shuts down. usually a dull amber colour and not in full power.

• moveable lighting; system which moves, similar to ones who used to protect bases in WW2.

• emergency lighting; back up system for all systems shutting down, usually run of a gas powered back up system to avoid EMP attacks.

door and window locks;

some of these are;

• basic home-/ business security for windows and doors.

• keyed locks

• window latches

• window opening control devices.

  more advances options;

• complex/military use door and window locks

• iris scanners

key management procedures; refers to management of keys. includes the storage of keys.

physical patrolling;

benefits

• a visible deterrence

• being able to patrol multiple locations.

• ability to get to potential crime quickly.

• a cost effective option.

control of entry and exit points;

these are virtually important in the security of a facility. for example, if you join a military service, such as the RAF, they make you check in all visitors and guests, no matter the time or rank you are. they must be generated a pass and have a photo taken of their face.

they usually have one access point for entry and another for exit not to confuse the two and make it a more clear system.

CCTV surveillance;

protection of key sites requires someone to be on the lookout at all times (closed circuit television).

benefits;

• evidence in lawsuits

• deters crime

• protects employees

• maintains records.

property marking;

where you put a mark on your property, so that it can be identified as yours. this deters a thief or burglar from stealing it and helps you get it back if stolen or lost.

there are several methods of marking such as;

• invisible ink pens

• engraving

  modern methods using forensically-based and chemical etching products are much better.

security survey;

a thorough on-site examination and analysis of a facility to determine what assets are present and their value.

access, entry and exit control is a means of managing the access of people and vehicles.

bollards, gates, crash rated bollards, rising arm barriers, ramps, crash rated bumps and turnstiles.

LOW- means an attack is highly unlikely.

MODERATE- means an attacks is possible, but not likely.

SUBSTANTIAL- means an attack is likely.

SEVERE- means an attack is highly likely.

CRITICAL- means an attack is highly likely in the near future.

M15 is responsible for setting the threat levels from Irish and other domestic terrorism both in Northern Ireland and in Great Britain.

In reaching a judgement on the appropriate threat level in any given circumstance several factors need to be taken into account.

these include;

• available intelligence- it is rare that specific threat info is available and can be relied upon.

• terrorist capability- an examination of what is known about the capabilities of the terrorist in question and the method they may use based on previous attacks or from intelligence.

• terrorist intentions- using intelligence and publicly available info to examine the overall aims of the terrorists and the ways they may achieve them including what sort of targets they would consider attacking.

• timescale- the threat level expresses the likelihood of an attack in the near term.

what is the current threats level?

SUBSTANTIAL- an attack is likely.

THREAT LEVEL HISTORY;

since 2006, information about the national threat level has been available on the MI5 and Home Office websites. In September 2010 the threat levels for the Northern Ireland- related terrorism were also made available.

In July 2019, changes were made to the terrorism threat level system, to reflect the threat posed by all forms of terrorism, irrespective of ideology. there is now a single national threat level describing the threat level describing by the threat to the UK, which includes Islamist, Northern Ireland, left-wing and right-wing terrorism.

• Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)

• Afghan Taliban

• Al-Nusrah Front

• Al-Shabaab

• Al-Qa'ida Core (AQ)

• Al-Qa'ida in the Arabian. Penisula (AQAP)

  
  

• 4:31- 6th September 1972- Munich Olympics Massacre.

• 17:28- 17th May 1974- Dublin and Monaghan pub bombings.

• 21st November 1974- Birmingham pub bombings.

• 20th November 1979- Grand Mosque Siege, Mecca.

• 18th April 1983- US Embassy bombing, Beirut.

• 23rd October 1983- Beirut barracks bombing.

• 17th December 1983- Harrods bombing London.

• 2nd June 1985- Air India Flight 182.

• 9th June 1987- Hipercor bombing, Barcelona

• 21st December 1988- Lockerbie bombing/ PAN AM 103

• 16th July 1992- Tarata bombing

• 26th february 1993- 1993 world trade centre bombing.

• 12th march 1993- mumbai bombings.

• 24th feb 1994- hebron massacre

• july 1994- AMIA bombing

• 20th march 1995- tokyo subway sarin attacks

• 19th april 1995- oklahoma city bombing

• 31st jan- colombo central bank bombing sri lanka

• 15th june 1996- arndale centre, Manchester.

• 7th aug 1998- US ebassy bombings

• 15th aug 1998- omagh bombing

• 17th april 1999- london nail bombings

• 11th september 2001- 11 september attacks

• 22nd dec 2001- the shoe bomber

• 27th march 2002- passover massacre

• 2nd may 2002- bojaya massacre

• 12th oct 2002- bali bombings

• 23rd oct 2002- moscow threatre crisis

• 11th march 2004- madrid train bombs

• 28th july 2004- bombing in iraq

• 1st sept 2004- beslan school siege

• 7th july 2005- london transport bombings

• 11th july 2005- mumbai railway bombings

• 14th aug 2007- community bombings

• 6th march 2008- mercaz shooting

• april 2013- boston marathon shooting

• 2013- murder of lee rigby

• 2013 sept- westgate mall shootings

• 2015- bangkok bombing

• 2015 nov- paris attacks

• july 2016- saudi arabia bombings

• 22nd march 2017- westminster attack

• 3rd june 2017- london bridge attack

• 29th nov 2019- london bridge attack

• 16th oct- murder of samuel paty paris.

  
  

Counter terrorism measures are effective because they help to deter, detect, and disrupt terrorist activities. By implementing strategies such as intelligence sharing, enhanced security measures, and targeted law enforcement efforts, counter terrorism measures can help identify and apprehend individuals involved in terrorist plots. Additionally, public awareness campaigns and community engagement initiatives play a crucial role in preventing radicalization and promoting resilience within society. Together, these measures work towards maintaining the safety and security of the community.

Islamic Extremist- violence means of suicide bombings and attacks with weapons such as knifes and guns.

IRA- bombing infrastructure.

National Action- Riots, community ideology changes through hate speech and talk.

Positives:
- The UN counter-terrorism strategy provides a comprehensive framework for member states to address the global threat of terrorism. It encourages international cooperation and coordination in combating terrorism, ensuring a unified and collective response.
- The strategy emphasises the importance of addressing the root causes of terrorism, such as poverty, inequality, and lack of education. By focusing on prevention and addressing these underlying factors, it aims to reduce the appeal of terrorism and promote long-term stability.
- The UN's counter-terrorism efforts include capacity-building initiatives, technical assistance, and training programs to help member states enhance their counter-terrorism capabilities. This support can strengthen national security and contribute to global efforts in countering terrorism.

Negatives:
- Implementing the UN counter-terrorism strategy can be challenging due to the diverse political, cultural, and legal contexts of member states. Different interpretations of terrorism and varying approaches to counter-terrorism can hinder effective collaboration and coordination.
- The strategy's reliance on member states' cooperation and commitment can be limited by political factors, competing priorities, or lack of resources. This may result in gaps in implementation and inconsistent efforts in countering terrorism.
- Balancing counter-terrorism measures with respect for human rights and civil liberties is a complex task. Some critics argue that certain counter-terrorism measures may infringe upon individual rights and freedoms, leading to concerns about potential abuses and violations.

The UN counter-terrorism strategy is effective in several ways. First, it promotes international cooperation and collaboration among member states, enabling them to share information, intelligence, and best practices in countering terrorism. This collective approach enhances the global response to terrorism, making it more difficult for terrorist organisations to operate across borders.

Second, the strategy emphasises the importance of addressing the root causes of terrorism, such as poverty, inequality, and lack of education. By focusing on prevention and addressing these underlying factors, the UN aims to reduce the appeal of terrorism and promote long-term stability.

Additionally, the UN provides technical assistance, capacity-building initiatives, and training programs to member states, helping them enhance their counter-terrorism capabilities. This support strengthens national security and contributes to a more robust global counter-terrorism effort.

The UN counter-terrorism strategy also emphasises the need to respect human rights and the rule of law while countering terrorism. This ensures that counter-terrorism measures are carried out in a manner that upholds fundamental rights and freedoms, preventing any potential abuses.

Overall, the UN counter-terrorism strategy is effective because it fosters international collaboration, addresses root causes, provides support to member states, and upholds human rights. By taking a comprehensive and coordinated approach, the UN plays a crucial role in countering terrorism and maintaining global security.

Short for the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation, is an agency for the EU dedicated to enhancing cooperation and coordination among law enforcement agencies across EU member states. established in 1998 and headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands, Europol's main objective is to assist the EU countries in combating various forms of transnational crime.

Transnational crime;

• terrorism

• drug trafficking

• cyber crime

• human trafficking

  
  
  Positives:
  - Europol facilitates information sharing and cooperation among law enforcement agencies across European Union member states, helping to combat cross-border crime more effectively.
  - It provides a centralised platform for intelligence analysis, which can lead to the identification of criminal networks and the prevention of various types of crimes, including terrorism, drug trafficking, and cybercrime.
  - Europol also supports member states in conducting joint investigations and operations, enhancing their ability to address transnational criminal activities.
  
  Negatives:
  - Some critics argue that Europol's powers and capabilities are limited, and it lacks the authority to enforce laws or make arrests directly.
  - There may be challenges in coordinating efforts among different national law enforcement agencies due to varying legal systems and priorities.
  - The effectiveness of Europol depends heavily on the cooperation and willingness of member states to share information and resources.
  

the organisation operates as a liaison between national law enforcement agencies and facilitates communication and coordination on a global scale.

examples of what Interpol works and helps on;

Interpol helps prevent various types of transnational crimes, such as human trafficking, drug trafficking, cybercrime, terrorism, and organised crime. Its collaboration with member countries allows for the exchange of information, joint investigations, and coordinated operations to tackle these cross-border criminal activities. By working together, Interpol and its member countries strive to disrupt criminal networks and ensure the safety and security of people worldwide.

it ensures that the immigration system is administrated effectively, securely and fairly.

national security: the issuance of visas and immigration controls is a vital aspect of national security. proper vetting and background checks on visa applicants help prevent individuals with malicious intent, such as potential terrorists or criminals, from entering the country.

control of immigration: UK Visas and Immigration plays a pivotal role in controlling the flow of immigrants into the country. it allows the government to set and enforce immigration policies, ensuring that entry is based on criteria such as skills, qualifications, family relationships and humanitarian reasons.

Positives:
- The agency plays a crucial role in managing the immigration process for people who want to visit, work, study, or settle in the United Kingdom. It helps ensure that the immigration system is fair, transparent, and efficient.
- The agency provides clear guidelines and information on visa requirements, application processes, and eligibility criteria, making it easier for individuals to navigate through the immigration system.
- It offers various services, such as online applications and appointment booking, which can streamline the visa application process and save applicants time and effort.

Negatives:
- Some individuals may find the visa application process complex and time-consuming, especially if they are unfamiliar with the requirements or have specific circumstances that need to be addressed.
- Delays or backlogs in processing applications can be frustrating for applicants, as it may affect their travel plans or ability to start work or study in the UK.
- The agency's decision-making process may sometimes be subject to criticism or legal challenges, particularly in cases where applicants feel their applications were unfairly rejected.

The UK Visas and Immigration agency is effective in several ways. First, it ensures that the immigration process is well-regulated and follows established guidelines, helping to maintain the integrity of the system. Second, the agency provides clear information and guidance on visa requirements, making it easier for individuals to understand what is needed for their specific situation. Additionally, the agency offers various services, such as online applications and appointment booking, which streamline the visa application process and make it more convenient for applicants. Through these measures, the UK Visas and Immigration agency effectively manages immigration to the UK while ensuring fairness and transparency.

responsibilities;

• checking the immigration status of people arriving in and departing the UK.

• searching baggage, vehicles and cargo for illicit goods or illegal immigrants.

• patrolling the UK coastline and searching vessels.

• gathering intelligence.

• alerting the police and security services to people of interest.

Positives:
- Border agencies play a crucial role in ensuring national security by managing and controlling the movement of people, goods, and services across borders. They help prevent illegal activities, such as smuggling, human trafficking, and drug trafficking.
- Border agencies contribute to the enforcement of immigration laws, regulating the entry and exit of individuals into a country. This helps maintain the integrity of immigration systems and ensures that immigration processes are followed lawfully.
- Border agencies often collaborate with international counterparts, sharing information and intelligence to enhance border security. This cooperation strengthens efforts to combat transnational crimes and terrorism.

Negatives:
- Some critics argue that border agencies can sometimes be overly strict or discriminatory in their practices, leading to concerns about racial profiling or bias. It is important for border agencies to ensure fair and unbiased treatment of individuals while enforcing border control measures.
- The process of screening and inspecting individuals and goods at borders can be time-consuming and may cause delays for travellers and businesses. Balancing security measures with efficiency and convenience is a challenge that border agencies face.
- Border agencies require significant resources and funding to effectively carry out their responsibilities. The allocation of resources and the prioritisation of border security over other areas can sometimes be a topic of debate.

The border agency is effective in several ways. They help maintain national security by controlling the movement of people and goods across borders. They prevent illegal activities like smuggling and human trafficking. They also enforce immigration laws and collaborate with international counterparts to enhance border security. Overall, they play a crucial role in protecting the country and ensuring the integrity of its borders.

we used advanced data analysis and intelligence collection to find and target the criminals that pose the greatest threat to the public, institutions, and infrastructure. our operational teams work to bring these criminals to justice, dismantle their groups and degrade the international networks that support them.

the mandate of the CTITF, is to enhance coordination and coherence of counter terrorism efforts of the UN system.

the task force consists of 38 international entities which by virtue of their work have a stake in multilateral counter terrorism efforts. each entity makes contributions consistent with it's own mandate.