https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl Memory en-us 2020-10-03 13:25:59 UTC 2025-10-22 15:19:02 UTC hello@padlet.com tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799724181 Memory is the faculty of mind by which information is encoded, stored and retrieved at later time.
Rayburn " The power that we have  'to store' our experiences,  and to bring them into the field of consciousness some time after the experiences have occurred, is termed memory.

"ENGRAMS" they are the memory traces or images left behind by a particular event or object and that helps in retaining of the learned or experienced act.]]> 2020-10-03 13:26:54 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799724181 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799726311 I- Learning is the primary condition.
II- Retention is the next step in which we see that the learning experiences are retained properly.
III- Recognition- It is the awareness of an object or situation one has come across in the past.
IV- Recall- The ability to recall every detail about an object, event , person or situation in a detailed manner.]]> 2020-10-03 13:30:19 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799726311 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799733111 SENSORY MEMORY (2-3seconds)- It holds information less than 1 second after an item is perceived. The ability to look at an item and remember what it looked liked with just a split second of observation or memorization . Most of the information briefly held in the sensory register is lost, it decays from the register.

]]> 2020-10-03 13:39:38 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799733111 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799739568 STM- It is also known as working memory. It allows recall for a period of several  seconds to a minute without rehersal. It's storage capacity is also very limited and is temprorary.  Modern estimates of the capacity of STM is 4-5 items, however it can be increased by a process of chunking. ]]> 2020-10-03 13:48:40 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799739568 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799745893 1: SM-  retention time less than 1 second.
STM - information stored  temporarily for 30-40 seconds.
2: SM- The sensory info. or image decays after a short span of time regardless of learners action.
STM- Rehersal by the learner can keep the info. indefinitely.
3: SM - Span of SM exceeds that of STM. 11-13 items are available for recall for atleast half a second.
STM- 5-9 items are available for recall in STM at any one time.]]> 2020-10-03 13:57:44 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799745893 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799751867 It is that stage where information is held indefinitely. The time span over which information is stored in the LTM cannot be stated precisely and the storage capacity of it is also unknown. It is this memory that helps us to remember a number of things on a relaively permanent basis. LTM contains words, sentences, ideas, concepts  and life experiences.]]> 2020-10-03 14:05:42 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799751867 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799766519 Episodic memory is a person's memory of a specific event. Memory for factual information that we acquired at a specific time. It is the kind of memory that allows one to go back in time and remember specific thoughts or expereinces.
It involves conscious thought and is declarative.  An example would be a memory of our 1st day at school.]]> 2020-10-03 14:25:08 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799766519 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799770638 Procedural memory is a type of long-term memory involving how to perform different actions and skills. Essentially, it is the memory of how to do certain things. 
It does not involve conscious (i.e. it’s unconscious - automatic) thought and is not declarative.  ]]> 2020-10-03 14:30:12 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799770638 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799778539 Semantic memory is a part of the long-term memory responsible for storing information about the world.  This includes knowledge about the meaning of words, as well as general knowledge. It is the kind of memory which makes our use of language. It consist knowledge about what words mean, about the ways they are related to one another and about the rules for using them in communication.]]> 2020-10-03 14:40:07 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/799778539 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/800821247 According to this model we first receive information, process them in steps and the produce an output.  The multistore model of memory (also known as the modal model) was proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin (1968) and is a structural model. They proposed that memory consisted of three stores: a sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).

https://www.simplypsychology.org/multi-store.html#:~:text=The%20multistore%20model%20of%20memory,%2Dterm%20memory%20(LTM).]]> 2020-10-04 13:41:34 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/800821247 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/800829722 I- ICONIC IMAGE : Iconic memory is part of the visual memory system which also includes long-term memory and visual short-term memory. Iconic memory is a type of sensory memory that lasts just milliseconds before fading. The word iconic refers to an icon, which is a pictorial representation or image.

II- FREE RECALL :  The recollection of the members of a list of items without regards to their serial order. In the free recall task, a participant recalls a list of items in any order.  It is a basic paradigm in the psychological study of memory. In this paradigm, participants study a list of items on each trial, and then are prompted to recall the items in any order (hence the name "free" recall). ]]> 2020-10-04 13:52:18 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/800829722 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/800843988 III- SERIAL POSITION EFFECT - Words presented either early in the list or at the end were more often recalled, but the ones in the middle were more often forgotten. This is known as serial position effect.

IV - PRIMACY EFFECT : The primacy effect is the tendency for individuals without neurological impairment to show enhanced memory for items presented at the beginning of a list relative to items presented in the middle of the list. At test, items presented at the beginning of a list are retrieved from long-term or secondary memory stores. The primacy effect is part of the larger serial position effect.

V- RECENCY EFFECT -  The recency effect is a cognitive bias in which those items, ideas, or arguments that came last are remembered more clearly than those coming first. This is one component of the serial position effect, a phenomenon in which the position of items on a list influences how well those items are recalled.]]> 2020-10-04 14:09:17 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/800843988 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/802058526 It refers to apparent loss of information already encoded and stored in the LTM. It is a spontaneous or gradual process in which old memories are unable to be recalled.

Why do we forget?  
There are two simple answers to this question. 

First, the memory has disappeared - it is no longer available.  
Second, the memory is still stored in the memory system but, for some reason, it cannot be retrieved.

These two answers summaries the main theories of forgetting developed by psychologists.  

I- Trace Decay Theory - Forgetting in STM.
II- Interference Theory - Forgetting in LTM.

]]> 2020-10-05 06:29:57 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/802058526 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/802088727 Trace decay theory states that forgetting occurs as a result of the automatic decay or fading of the memory trace. Trace decay theory focuses on time and the limited duration of short term memory.

https://www.simplypsychology.org/forgetting.html#:~:text=Trace%20decay%20theory%20states%20that,seconds%20unless%20it%20is%20rehearsed.]]> 2020-10-05 06:45:12 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/802088727 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/813611812 Interference theory states that forgetting occurs because memories interfere with and disrupt one another, in other words forgetting occurs because of interference from other memories 

2 TYPES
I-  RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE - Information currently being learned interferes with information already present in the memory.

• Information being learned currently (NEW INFO.) INTERFERES with Information learned previously.

II- PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE -  Information learnt previously present in the LTM interferes with information we are learning at present.

• Information learned previously (OLD INFO.) INTERFERES with information being learned currently.

]]> 2020-10-08 13:09:14 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/813611812 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/815881266 2020-10-09 02:55:14 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/815881266 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/816597301 Amnesia-  Amnesia is a form of memory loss. Some people with amnesia have difficulty forming new memories. Others can't recall facts or past experiences. People with amnesia usually retain knowledge of their own identity, as well as motor skills. 
2 TYPES :
I- RETROGRADE - Describes amnesia where one can't recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia.
II- ANTEROGRADE - Describes amnesia where one can't form new memories after the event that caused the amnesia.

ALZHEIMER'S - Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently.]]> 2020-10-09 13:16:54 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/816597301 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/816614198 2020-10-09 13:21:44 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/816614198 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/rs8wvlhioa1ykwl/wish/816621348 1- Attention - Interest and attention are essential for effective learning and memorization.

2- Principle of association - associative memory is defined as the ability to learn and remember the relationship between unrelated items. It is a learning that takes place when two elements are connected in our brain.

3- Use of imagery - Using imagery is an effective way to improve memory and decrease certain types of false memories.
Pegword technique is one in which a word is associated with an image.

4- Mnemonic devices- A mnemonic, also known as a memory aid, is a tool that helps you remember an idea or phrase with a pattern of letters, numbers, or relatable associations. Mnemonic devices include special rhymes and poems, acronyms, images, songs, outlines, and other tools.

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