by Mckaeleigh Messina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg en-us 2016-02-17 20:58:18 UTC 2016-02-18 23:39:19 UTC hello@padlet.com FACTS ABOUT ALUMINUM memessina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95708903 2016-02-17 20:59:19 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95708903 In 1808, Humphry Davy, an English chemist, discovered that aluminium could be produced by electrolytic reduction from alumina (aluminium oxide). memessina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95729554 2016-02-17 23:43:44 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95729554 In 1825, Hans Christian Oersted from Denmark produced an aluminium alloy with the elements used in his experiment. memessina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95730329 2016-02-17 23:51:18 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95730329 Friedrich Woehler, a German chemist, worked with 30 grams of aluminium powder for 18 years. After observing it for so long, he created small balls of solidified molten aluminium (globules) in 1845. memessina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95730497 2016-02-17 23:52:39 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95730497 200 tonnes of metal were produced in 36 years (1855-1890) when the chemical method developed by Sainte-Claire Deville was applied. memessina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95730730 2016-02-17 23:54:50 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95730730 Aluminium's development led to a more cost-efficient electrolytic method in 1886. It was developed by Paul Héroult, a French engineer, and Charles Hall, an American student. memessina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95730797 2016-02-17 23:55:39 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95730797 Duralumin, a key aluminium alloy, was invented in 1909. It took seven years for Alfred Wilm, a German scientist, to create it, but it was worth the years of effort. Duralumin, with addition of copper, magnesium and manganese was as lightweight, as aluminium, but significantly exceeded it in strength, hardness and elasticity meaning it quickly became the main material used in aviation. memessina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95738689 2016-02-18 01:23:15 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95738689 Aluminium production was growing steadily worldwide and reached 19 million tonnes by the beginning of the 1990s. memessina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95739013 2016-02-18 01:26:58 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95739013 Challenges for the world aluminium industry began in 2008 during the global financial crisis. The aluminium industry was confronted by an overproduction crisis for the first time in its history as a result of the stock market collapse and as a consequence experienced a 50% drop in the price of aluminium.  memessina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95739063 2016-02-18 01:27:38 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95739063 multiple chemists in the 1800's devoted their studies to Aluminium  bpoliver https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95873740 2016-02-18 16:15:52 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95873740 1825 a German and Danish chemist both extracted the material  bpoliver https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95873995 2016-02-18 16:16:39 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95873995 around 1845 a frenchman figured out how to extract it more efficiently   bpoliver https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95874254 2016-02-18 16:17:22 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95874254 1884 the Washington monument had an aluminium top placed on top  bpoliver https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95874666 2016-02-18 16:18:31 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95874666 1886  bpoliver https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95875006 2016-02-18 16:19:29 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95875006 1886 Hall ran an electric current through disolved aluminum  bpoliver https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95875025 2016-02-18 16:19:30 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95875025 Australian invented another method to extract in 1888 bpoliver https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95875434 2016-02-18 16:20:32 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95875434 bpoliver https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95973109 FACTS ABOUT IRON

]]> 2016-02-18 20:39:16 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95973109 in the 1700's "coal cake" was discovered to remove impurities from the iron  bpoliver https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95974819 2016-02-18 20:47:07 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95974819 in the 1740's Huntsman discovered that steel can be melted into clay cruicbles  bpoliver https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95975634 2016-02-18 20:50:53 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95975634 1856 Bessemer designed a converter to rid the metal of carbon and silicon  bpoliver https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95976538 2016-02-18 20:55:16 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95976538 The introduction of the Bessemer process led to the mass-production of cheap steal. The process was invented by a British metallurgist Sir Henry Bessemer (1813-1898).  Bessemer reasoned that carbon in molten pig iron unites readily with oxygen. In other words, it should turn to steel because its carbon content is being reduced.  memessina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95998565 2016-02-18 23:25:55 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95998565 In 1856 Bessemer designed what he called a converter. It was a large, pear-shaped receptacle that had hoes which allowed the injection of compressed air to occur. memessina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95998825 2016-02-18 23:29:12 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95998825 In 1876, Welshman Sidney Gilchrist Thomas discovered that adding a chemically basic material (limestone) to the converter draws the phosphorus from the pig iron into the slag. When it floats to the top, the result is phosphorus-free steel. This discovery meant that iron ore could be used to make pig iron for Bessemer converters, which in turn led to skyrocketing production of steel in Europe and the U.S memessina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95998909 2016-02-18 23:30:08 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95998909 In the U.S., 460,000 tons of iron rails were made and sold for $83 per ton; only 2550 tons of  Bessemer steel rails were made at$170 per ton.  memessina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95999149 2016-02-18 23:33:11 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95999149  By 1884, the production of iron rails somewhat came to a halt. Steel rails had replaced them at an annual production of 1,500,000 tons selling at a price of $32 per ton. memessina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95999285 2016-02-18 23:34:44 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95999285 In 1860, the open-hearth process started. This process converts iron into steel in a broad, shallow, open-hearth furnace memessina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95999425 2016-02-18 23:36:40 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95999425 By 1900 the open hearth process had largely replaced the Bessemer process. memessina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95999496 2016-02-18 23:37:45 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95999496 Soon in 1960, a modified version of the Bessemer process replaced the open hearth. This process used basic oxygen. memessina https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95999516 2016-02-18 23:38:02 UTC https://padlet.com/memessina/rs2b210w4tjg/wish/95999516