Cytomegalovirus by Ruth https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/rqkmo9ts92af en-us 2017-10-05 17:35:10 UTC 2026-01-08 04:53:42 UTC hello@padlet.com symptoms https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/rqkmo9ts92af/wish/194593711 swollen glands
vomiting
sore throat
pain in joints and muscle
high temp - fever
Myles textbook 2014]]> 2017-10-06 08:46:29 UTC https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/rqkmo9ts92af/wish/194593711 Risks to fetus https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/rqkmo9ts92af/wish/194593746 - CMV can penetrate the placental barrier - 40% chance of transmission to the fetus (Marshall, & Raynor 2014)
- Congenital malformations 
- hearing loss
- learning difficulties
- cerebral palsy
- IUGR
- fetal death
- Transplancental infection can cause the fetus to have small eyes (Marshall, & Raynor 2014)
- Around 5-10% of infected babies are symptomatic at birth
(Marshall, & Raynor 2014)
- Approximately 10% of neonates have symptomatic CMV infection. 
Clinical symptoms include: 
petechiae (76%), jaundice (67%), hepatosplenomegaly (60%), microcephaly (53%), growth retardation (50%), chorioretinitis, and optic atrophy (20%). 
In severe cases -  the blueberry muffin sign - dense red to reddish brown and blueberry coloured or reddish ecchymoses. 
(Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy 
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2017, Volume 296, Number 1, Page 15 
Karl Oliver Kagan, Klaus Hamprecht)
https://link-springer-com.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/article/10.1007/s00404-017-4380-2
]]> 2017-10-06 08:46:39 UTC https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/rqkmo9ts92af/wish/194593746 Transmission https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/rqkmo9ts92af/wish/194597130 - 50% of the adult population will have had this at some point in their life 
- In pregnancy, women are at a higher susceptibility to infection however, primary infection during pregnancy is low at around 1% (Marshall and Raynor, 2014)
- It can be transmitted through breastmilk, saliva, urine, semen and vaginal fluids 
- People at risk include adults, the fetus, people caring for the neonate and an individual that has had an organ transplant e.g. kidney 

http://www.sciencedirect.com.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S014067360004914X

WHO IS AT RISK

adults
babies in utero
people looking after babies 
people with HIV
someone with  an organ transplant (Kidney is common)
http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/cytomegalovirus-infection/
]]> 2017-10-06 08:58:54 UTC https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/rqkmo9ts92af/wish/194597130 Risks to woman https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/rqkmo9ts92af/wish/194601556 - preterm labour

(Stables, & Rankin, 2017)]]> 2017-10-06 09:17:22 UTC https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/rqkmo9ts92af/wish/194601556 Definition/type of infection: r_henderson2 https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/rqkmo9ts92af/wish/195086507 It is a common viral infection from the herpes family which may lie dormant and reoccur at a later time (Marshall and Raynor, 2014) ]]> 2017-10-09 03:49:32 UTC https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/rqkmo9ts92af/wish/195086507 Screening and diagnosis r_henderson2 https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/rqkmo9ts92af/wish/195086910 -Women can be tested for CMV prior to pregnancy
- The most common screening methods used are CMV IgM and IgG antibody tests. 
- If a woman has been exposed to a recent CMV infection, it is recommended that she wait until her CMV IgM antibody levels decline to an undetectable level, and her CMV IgG avidity index climbs to a highly favorable percentage, before trying to conceive. This can take anywhere from six to twelve months. 
- It is important to wait until the CMV infection has resolved because it minimizes the risk of CMV transmission from the pregnant woman to her baby in utero.
(National CMV Foundation, 2017) 

- However, NICE (2016) highlights that the available evidence does not support routine screening in pregnancy and this should not be offered. 
- There is currently no screening programme due to lack of sensitivity in pregnancy or evidence based effective treatment interventions (UK National Screening Committee, 2012)
- People with an active CMV diagnosis will sometimes shed the virus in body fluids, such as urine, saliva, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk. Shedding of the virus may take place intermittently, without any detectable signs, and without causing symptoms.
 - Having one child with congenital CMV does NOT make the woman more prone to having another. There is no increase in risk for having another child born with congenital CMV. However, rushing into another pregnancy before the  primary CMV infection is resolved may increase the risk of CMV transmission to the next baby.
 (National CMV Foundation, 2017)
]]> 2017-10-09 03:53:26 UTC https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/rqkmo9ts92af/wish/195086910 Treatment r_henderson2 https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/rqkmo9ts92af/wish/195087143 Some small-scale studies have investigated a treatment called 'Hyperimmune globulin (HIG)'. This aims to reduce  the risk of transmission from mother to baby and to reduce the severity of symptoms in babies that have been infected. However, the amount of evidence available is limited and the effectiveness and risks of this treatment have not been confirmed. 
 - Therefore it is the role of the midwife to educate women about simple hygiene measures that can be undertaken in order to prevent CMV transmission (CMV Action) 


]]> 2017-10-09 03:55:38 UTC https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/rqkmo9ts92af/wish/195087143