- is a specific subset of phonological awareness that focuses on the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual sounds, known as phonemes, in spoken words. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language that distinguish one word from another. For example, the word "cat" consists of three phonemes: /c/ /a/ /t/

•Phoneme: smallest unit of speech sound

•Grapheme: represents a phoneme 

•Orthography: a writing system for representing language 

-Consonant Digraphs: one grapheme comprised of two letters that together represent one phoneme (before OR after the vowel sound in a syllable). 

-Accuracy (reading words correctly)

-Rate (reading at an appropriate speed)

-Prosody (using expression and intonation). 

Expressive Vocabulary:

*Any language used to convey thinking via speaking or writing.

Receptive Vocabulary:

*The ability to process language received via reading or listening.

Vocabulary Breadth: Denotes the number of words a learner recognizes or knows.

Vocabulary Depth: Measure of how well an individual knows a word.

Vocabulary Fluency:Refers to the rate at which the individual gains access to the meaning of the word.

Narrative text:

*Refers to text which communicates a series of events or follows a general "story-like" structure.

Expository text:

*Refers to text which are nonfiction and provide facts or information about a topic.

Argumentative text:

*Refers to text which seeks to illustrate a well-formed point by communicating evidence towards a cause for an intended audience.

Persuasive text:

*Refers to text which seeks to persuade an intended audience to adopt a particular viewpoint or opinion.

Opinion text:

*Refers to text which seeks to communicate an opinion about a given topic to an intended audience.