Cause

Symptoms

Treatment

Fonte

(Nomes)

• Lobar pneumonia affects one or more sections (lobes) of the lungs.

• Bronchial pneumonia (also known as bronchopneumonia) affects patches throughout both lungs.

Acne is very common. People of all races and ages have acne. In fact, most people in the U.S. between ages 11 and 30 will be affected by it. Even people in their 40s and 50s can have acne. But acne most often starts in puberty. During puberty, the male sex hormones (androgens) increase in both boys and girls. This causes the glands to make more oil.

Normally, the oil made travels through the hair follicles to the skin. But dead skin cells can plug the follicles. This can block the oil.

Severe acne is a type of acne in which numerous breakouts occur on the face, chest, back, jawline, or buttocks.

 These breakouts feature two types of lesions: cysts (which contain pus) and nodules (which do not contain pus). These lesions tend to be deep, tender, and painful, says S. Tyler Hollmig, MD, the director of laser and cosmetic dermatology at Austin Dell Medical School at the University of Texas

Hormone level changes during a woman’s menstrual cycle

Hormone changes during pregnancy

Starting or stopping birth control pills

Certain medicines (such as corticosteroids, lithium, and barbiturates)

Oil and grease from the scalp, mineral or cooking oil, and certain cosmetics

Diet may also play a role.

Symptoms:

-Fever.

-Vomiting.

-Severe headache.

-Stiff neck (less common in young children).

-Dislike of bright lights.

-Seizures (fits).

-Confused / delirious.

-Very sleepy / vacant /difficult to wake.

Symptoms in babies and very young children can be slightly different. Their symptoms may include:

High temperature (warning: could be normal or low in babies under three months old).

-Irritability.

-Vomiting / refusing to feed.

-A high-pitched cry.

-A stiff body with jerky movements or else floppy and lifeless.

-Very sleepy / staring expression / too sleepy to wake up.

-Tense or bulging soft spot on the top of their head.

Not everyone with meningitis will get all these symptoms.

• Bacterial pneumonia

•Viral pneumonia

•Mycoplasma pneumonia

•Other pneumonias

Tonsillitis means that your tonsils are inflamed. These glands make antibodies that help fight infection.

Both bacteria and viruses can cause tonsillitis.

Here are some of them:

- Streptococcus, or strep, bacteria. These germs are the most common cause.

- Adenoviruses

- Epstein-Barr virus, which causes infectious mononucleosis

- Herpes simplex virus

- Cytomegalovirus

- Measles virus

Over-the-Counter Medications

There are many over-the-counter (OTC) topical medications for treating acne. Medications typically one or more of the following active ingredients:

Salicylic Acid Salicylic acid helps clear debris from pores and reduces swelling.

Benzoyl Peroxide Benzoyl peroxide kills the C. acnes bacteria that contributes to acne.

Retinol or Retinoids These chemical compounds are derivatives of vitamin A. They slough off dead skin cells to prevent them from clogging pores and reduce risk of acne scarring.

OTC topical medications that contain these ingredients may help with cystic acne. Unfortunately, they aren’t effective for nodular acne.

• Face

• Chest

• Upper back

• Shoulders

• Neck

Acne may look like other skin conditions. Always see your healthcare provider for a diagnosis if you're not sure or need advice about treatment.

Other treatment may include eating well, increasing fluid intake, getting rest, oxygen therapy, pain medicine, fever control, and maybe cough-relief medicine if cough is severe.

Women are at greater risk of developing a UTI than are men. If an infection is limited to the bladder, it can be painful and annoying. But serious health problems can result if a UTI spreads to the kidneys.

Confused mental state or delirium, especially in older people

Cough that produces green, yellow, or bloody mucus

Fever

Heavy sweating

Loss of appetite

Low energy and extreme tiredness

Rapid breathing

Rapid pulse

Shaking chills

Sharp or stabbing chest pain that’s worse with deep breathing or coughing

Shortness of breath that gets worse with activity

Early symptoms of viral pneumonia are the same as those of bacterial pneumonia, which may be followed by:

Headache

Increasing shortness of breath

Muscle pain

Weakness

Worsening of the cough

Mycoplasma pneumonia has somewhat different symptoms, which include a severe cough that may produce mucus.

The infection typically travels through the bloodstream from another part of the body, such as a urinary tract infection, or from a penetrating injury directly to the joint. Once inside the joint, the infection can rapidly damage the cartilage and bone, leading to severe pain, swelling, redness, and fever.

While any joint can be affected, septic arthritis most often occurs in the **knee** and **hip**. It is considered a medical emergency because if left untreated, it can lead to permanent joint damage or even a life-threatening condition called sepsis. Treatment involves draining the joint fluid and administering antibiotics or other medications to kill the infecting organism.

Here's how the infection typically happens:

• From the Bloodstream: The most common cause is when germs from an infection elsewhere in your body travel through your bloodstream and settle in a joint. For example, a urinary tract infection or a skin infection could lead to septic arthritis.

• Direct Entry: Less commonly, germs can enter a joint directly through a penetrating injury, such as an animal bite or a puncture wound.

• From Surgery: In some cases, the infection can be a complication of joint surgery, where bacteria are introduced during the procedure.

The most common culprit is the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (staph), which often lives on healthy skin. Certain factors can increase a person's risk, including a weakened immune system, pre-existing joint conditions like arthritis, and having an artificial joint.

• Sudden onset of severe pain in the affected joint. This is often the first and most noticeable symptom.

• Significant swelling and warmth around the joint. The area may feel hot to the touch.

• Redness of the skin over the joint.

• Limited range of motion. It becomes difficult or impossible to move the affected joint.

• General signs of infection, such as fever, chills, and fatigue.

In infants and very young children, who may not be able to verbalize their pain, symptoms might include irritability, not wanting to use the affected limb, and fever.

The most common joints affected are the knee and hip, but any joint can be infected. Because the condition can cause rapid joint damage, it's crucial to seek immediate medical attention if these symptoms appear.

The most common UTIs occur mainly in women and affect the bladder and urethra.

• Infection of the bladder. This type of UTI is usually caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli). E. coli is a type of bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. But sometimes other bacteria are the cause.

  Having sex also may lead to a bladder infection, but you don't have to be sexually active to develop one. All women are at risk of bladder infections because of their anatomy. In women, the urethra is close to the anus. And the urethral opening is close to the bladder. This makes it easier for bacteria around the anus to enter the urethra and to travel to the bladder.

• Infection of the urethra. This type of UTI can happen when GI bacteria spread from the anus to the urethra. An infection of the urethra can also be caused by sexually transmitted infections. They include herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia and mycoplasma. This can happen because women's urethras are close to the vagina.

Each person may have slightly different symptoms. These are the most common symptoms of tonsillitis:

• Swollen, red tonsils. They may look yellow, gray, or white.

• Blisters or painful sores on the throat

• Sore throat that happens suddenly

• Pain when swallowing or difficult to swallow

• Snoring

• Foul breath

• Headache

• Loss of appetite

• Tiredness

• Chills

• Fever

Miryã Souza

Émili Ribeiro

The primary treatment methods are:

1. Drainage of the Joint: The infected fluid and pus must be removed from the joint. This can be done in a few ways:

• Needle Aspiration: A needle is inserted into the joint to draw out the fluid. This may need to be repeated daily.

• Arthroscopy: A minimally invasive surgical procedure where a thin tube with a camera (arthroscope) is inserted into the joint to clean out the infection.

• Open Surgery: In some cases, such as with an artificial joint or if the infection is difficult to drain, traditional open surgery may be necessary.

2. Antibiotics: After the joint fluid is drained and analyzed to identify the specific germ causing the infection, antibiotics are given to kill the bacteria. Treatment usually begins with intravenous (IV) antibiotics in the hospital, followed by oral antibiotics for several weeks once the patient's condition improves.

3. Physical Therapy: After the initial treatment, physical therapy is crucial to restore the joint's function and strength. Early and careful movement helps prevent stiffness and maintain the range of motion.

It is critical to start treatment as soon as possible, as a delay can lead to irreversible joint damage.

If your tonsillitis comes back again and again, your provider may recommend surgery. The surgery will remove your tonsils.

You may need treatment right away if you develop a peritonsillar abscess. This is because the abscess may block your airway.

Felipe Augusto Pires Zerbini

• A strong urge to urinate that doesn't go away

• A burning feeling when urinating

• Urinating often, and passing small amounts of urine

• Urine that looks cloudy

• Urine that appears red, bright pink or cola-colored — signs of blood in the urine

• Strong-smelling urine

• Pelvic pain, in women — especially in the center of the pelvis and around the area of the pubic bone

In older adults, UTIs may be overlooked or mistaken for other conditions.

Livia Martins

Sarah Nucci

Nomes:

Alexandre Zanetti

João Vitor Teixeira Muniz

Raphael E.G.Pichutti

Urine cultures and antibiograms should always be reviewed to assess whether a change in treatment strategy is necessary. Increasing water consumption to the amount recommended by your healthcare professional is important to help dilute urine and eliminate bacteria. In cases of severe infections, especially those affecting the kidneys, hospitalization may be necessary.

It is essential to seek medical attention if you suspect a urinary tract infection, as appropriate treatment is crucial to prevent complications and ensure resolution.

Whenever possible, a follow-up urine culture is recommended to ensure the infection has been completely treated.

Maria Eduarda Macedo

Maria Fernanda Garcia

Conjunctivitis, also known as “pink eye,” is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva — the thin, transparent membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eyeball.

It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, allergens, or irritants such as smoke and chlorine. Viral conjunctivitis is the most common type and is highly contagious.

Common symptoms include redness in the white of the eye, itching, tearing, swelling of the eyelids, a gritty feeling, and discharge that can form a crust during sleep.

Treatment depends on the cause.

Viral conjunctivitis: usually clears on its own; cool compresses and artificial tears help relieve symptoms.

Bacterial conjunctivitis: treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointments.

Allergic conjunctivitis: managed with antihistamine or anti-inflammatory eye drops and by avoiding allergens.

Good hygiene, such as washing hands and not sharing towels, prevents spreading.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pink-eye

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): https://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis

Julia Castilho Alves

Maria Augusta Poveda Balarini

• Fever and sweating

• Headache

• Muscle and joint pain

• Fatigue (feeling very tired)

• Loss of appetite or weight loss

• Back pain

• Feeling generally unwell

In more serious or long-lasting cases, it can also lead to:

• Arthritis (joint inflammation)

• Swelling of the liver or spleen

• Infection of the heart (endocarditis)

• Problems with memory, mood, or concentration

• Depression or irritability

Because these symptoms are similar to other illnesses, lab tests are necessary to confirm the diagnosis.