important people in the event? Important people in this event were the three men that murdered Malcolm X, for context, Malcolm X was a loyal and effective minister of the Nation Islam, in Harlem New York. During his speech on February 21st, three members from the Nation Islam, shot and murdered him. The members were Mujahid Abdul Halim, Muhammad A. Aziz and Khalil Islam. After the event they were soon charged with first degree murder. Other people in this event were Malcolm’s pregnant wife and four daughters, who were luckily able to duck down and take cover in time to not be injured. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/february-21/malcolm-x-assassinated

What strategy for change does this event use? Malcolm X’s death laid down the groundwork for movements that continue to challenge systemic racism, economic exploitation, and cultural erasure. The memory of his death continued to inspire the Black Power Movement. Overall, the tragic death of Malcolm X, left the inspiration, power, and passion to continue the Movement. https://nhcje.org/blog/malcolm-x-from-radical-empowerment-to-global-solidarity#:~:text=Unlike%20the%20nonviolent%20approach%20championed,worth%2C%20and%20resist%20oppression%20unapologetically.

The most important person involved in the event was Dr. Martin Luther King, who largely supported the bill to address unfair housing practices across the country. After King was assassinated, President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed for the bill to pass through Congress as a memorial for the death of Martin Luther King Jr.

The Strategy used in the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 was the use of Short-term Protests to create Federal pressure, which left more pressure on the federal Government to act in the long term. giving way for the Civil Rights Act of 1968 to be brought before Congress, and later passed and signed into law in April 1968.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fair-Housing-Act

https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=00e10f0057297768&rlz=1CASACE_enUS1070US1070&q=what+strategy+of+change+was+used+in+the+civil+rights+act+of+1968&source=lnms&fbs=ADc_l-ZexlP7EBCNvIngZQ0PrpGnde5EenWPl3ujHKe4IVU9DAhV9RRnUDHCPxI4BHcPTtYnmef7W0yFu1wRSr0VzgPejb1z-nRte4zsobCSnYOURaXJW1oPQDTTjevBPiSDXqgm3l6KDqmrpEf2hs_TCceZO5uqH5KVHBq8KCMSCsorPDlZgitrHc0g9CW_1E8WBsAfb2F4Qxok-OamiIK_qnjR2Biv8OaSJenpwd2pdVKLPEKGXRI&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwivn4XJwfKTAxVzlSsGHTpLEroQ0pQJegQIChAB&biw=1242&bih=545&dpr=1.1&safe=active&ssui=on

https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=00e10f0057297768&rlz=1CASACE_enUS1070US1070&udm=2&fbs=ADc_l-aN0CWEZBOHjofHoaMMDiKpaEWjvZ2Py1XXV8d8KvlI3vMboekt2cKC3pTSxvmRKdBH1tOmdyHeywNECeu_1ugROczUnA3oiJ8N4-osiUwuiq6vhEqKgGaeDub1Y_RIAZP_EiwSZH4wFx1HdKCwJWongVPUsUBzoOX_YcCDEaR_X34sVtDFKFRf6LzxCMoNdzAkXWjQAhRxDxtzDxUo_FnSUnwIww&q=image+of+signing+of+1968+civil+rights+act&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8rOyPwfKTAxVrpCsGHfs3KWYQtKgLegQIEhAB&biw=

Who are important people in the event?: Rosa Parks who was an African American woman, and J. Fred Blake (the bus driver who asked Parks and three other people of color to get out of their seats). Martin Luther King Jr. was also a very important young Pastor who became the main leader of the Boycott and helped organize protests. E.D. Nixon was also a Black leader who got Rosa out of jail. He helped organize the Boycott and supported Rosa after her arrest. Jo Ann Robinson led the Women’s Political Council and helped spread the word about the Boycott.

What strategy for change does this event use?: The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a representation for “social movement organization”. It used a strategy of peaceful protest and teamwork. Instead of fighting back with violence, people stopped riding the buses to hurt the bus system financially. They worked together as a community–walking, carpooling, and supporting each other, to stand up against unfair segregation laws.

Sources: https://www.history.com/articles/montgomery-bus-boycott

https://www.civilrightsteaching.org/resource/montgomery-bus-boycott-strategies

https://www.crmvet.org/images/imgeyes.htm

Important people:

President Eisenhower: He was president 1953-1961 (34th president) and was the one who sent the proposal to congress and he pushed for the signing of the act.

Attorney General Herbert Brownell: He was the attorney general at this time and proposed civil rights legislation before the Subcommittee. He also led a cabinet paper (the civil right program). It was a letter and statement (19 pages long) from the attorney general in 1956. The act authorized the attorney general to protect voting rights by filing law suits.

Strategy: Legal legislation was used. The Law was put in place to ensure that the act was upheld/followed. It aimed/pushed to increase the number of black voters, especially in the south.

How does it relate the the civil rights movement?: It was the first civil rights act passed since 1875. It increased the number of black voters, especially in the south.

Links: https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/civil-rights-act-1957

https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/civil-rights-act-1957

https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-Civil-Rights-Act-of-1957/ 

Important People: Important people who helped Ruby were her parents Abon and Lucille Bridges, her teacher Barbara Henry, the U.S. Marshall who escorted her and kept her safe and child psychiatrist Robert Coles.

Strategies: Ruby used a non violent and resilient integration strategy, she was approved to go into an all white school after passing a difficult entrance exam which helped her desegregate schools and push for her civil rights. Ruby being escorted by U.S. Marshall's also showed their support for Ruby attending an all white school, they would protect her and keep her safe from angry mobs and death threats.

SOURCES:

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/ruby-bridges#:~:text=1954%2D,end%20to%20racism%20in%20America.

https://blogs.missouristate.edu/bearslife/2023/02/28/who-inspires-me-ruby-bridges-spring-2023-week-6/#:~:text=Ruby%20Bridges%20was%20one%20of,lifelong%20activist%20for%20racial%20equality.

Governor George Wallace stood in the doorway of Foster Auditorium and blocked their entry. He gave a public speech and refused to let them pass, saying he wanted to keep segregation. Many people and reporters were watching this moment closely.

President John F. Kennedy responded by federalizing the Alabama National Guard and sending them to the campus to enforce the court order. U.S. Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach directly confronted Wallace and told him to step aside.

After a short standoff, Wallace finally moved aside. The National Guard secured the entrance, and the students were escorted inside the building. Later that day, Malone and Hood successfully registered for classes, making the university officially desegregated.

This event used government power and law enforcement to end segregation and enforce civil rights in education.

https://www.ua.edu/about/history/desegregation/

This is the link to the source: https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Senate_Passes_Voting_Rights_Act.htm

Sources: https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/brown-v-board-of-education#:~:text=It%20signaled%20the%20end%20of,the%20decade%20of%20the%201950s.

https://www.census.gov/about/history/stories/monthly/2024/may-2024.html#:~:text=The%20Brown%20v.,home%20because%20she%20was%20Black

https://www.floridatimeline.org/timeline/1954-florida-resists-the-brown-v-the-board-of-education-decision/

https://www.history.com/articles/central-high-school-integration

https://www.gse.harvard.edu/ideas/askwith-education-forum/18/02/askwith-essentials-little-rock-nine-and-social-justice-american

John Lewis and Hosea Williams led the march. During the attack, John Lewis was severely beaten with a skull fracture. Hosea Williams was a co-leader in the march alongside John Lewis who was a part of the Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Hosea Williams was a part of the southern christian leadership conference. These people are important because they led the event and planned the event.

They use a march to protest for voting rights. They marched with non-violent and peaceful intentions. When they were stopped by troopers on the Bridge instead of immediately turning back they stopped and prepared to have a negotiation further highlighting their peaceful and non-violent intentions.

1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)#:~:text=Bloody%20Sunday%2C%20or%20the%20Bogside%20Massacre%2C%20occurred,h

2.https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/onthisday-bloody-sunday

2. https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/mar/7

   
   

   photo. https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/07/this-day-in-politics-march-7-1965-437394

   
   

https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/march-washington-jobs-and-freedom

https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/historical-legacy-march-washington

https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/march-washington-jobs-and-freedom

The important people involved in this event were JFK (President), Lee Harvey Oswald (Assassin), Jacqueline Kennedy (JFK's wife), John Connally (Texas Governor), and Lyndon B. Johnson (Vice President/President after the assassination).

The assassination of JFK was a shock-driven event that caused a quick and hard change in the government, regarding the protection of the president. JFK was important to the civil rights movement in multiple ways. One of them was the Report to the American People on Civil Rights. This speech on civil rights, which was broadcast on radio and television by JFK on June 11, 1963, was him expressing civil rights as a moral issue; he also said that the pursuit of racial equality was an important cause. This speech also played a significant role in the administration's support for the civil rights movement. JFK's assassination also served as a way for Lyndon B. Johnson to honor the late president by urging the passage of the Civil Rights Act.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy

https://tinyurl.com/6pukne4s

Important People: Sirhan Sirhan was the assassinator, he was the one that shot RFK, claiming to have no memory that he shot him because he had been drinking. Sirhan Sirhan was a Palestinian from Beirut whose Christian family had emigrated to California and settled in Pasadena in 1956. At his trial he maintained that he had acted in revenge for Kennedy’s pro-Israeli sympathies.

Strategy used: The strategy that was used was served as a shock factor simply because immobilized witnesses and security had to act fast. The strategy was interpreted as an act of fear and terror involved guiding a crowded hotel pantry, the assassinator possessing a small caliber weapon at point-blank range, and creating a position of "bloody mayhem" that overshadowed national media for weeks.

How it connects to the civil rights movement: President Kennedy explained civil rights as not just a constitutional issue, but also a “moral issue.” RFK was a significant ally in the civil rights movement along with MLK JR. He also proposed the Civil Rights Act of 1963, which would provide protection of every American’s right to vote under the United States Constitution, end segregation in public facilities, and require public schools to be integrated.

Here are the links I found that gave me this information:

https://www.sfchronicle.com/chronicle_vault/article/Chronicle-Covers-The-assassination-of-Robert-F-7960857.php

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/01/us/politics/robert-kennedy-assassination-bobby-rfk.html

https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/assassination-robert-kennedy

https://www.si.edu/spotlight/robert-f-kennedy

• No segregation in schools
• Separate but equal DOES NOT WORK

• Accused of “flirting” and other inappropriate acts to a white woman, no witnesses
• Brutally murdered, Till’s mother chose an open casket funeral to show the cruelty of racism
• Attackers found ‘not guilty’, woman later recants her story