1. Wealth is that which is beneficial and has a purpose of use.

2.Something that has recognized value by people; conversely, if it is something that is not favored by people, it is not considered wealth, such as a drop of water and a grain of wheat.

3.An item that provides benefit according to Shariah if it is acquired for its benefit; conversely, if it is not beneficial according to Shariah, it is not considered wealth even if it is sought after, such as alcohol, musical instruments, and so on.

Next is the concept of ownership. According to the scholars, ownership is the ability established by Shariah law, beginning with the act of doing something. The right of ownership is not natural; rather, it is formed with the permission of Shariah, which makes it a legitimate cause for ownership. Wealth has a relative meaning in determining the proportion of ownership, similar to the relationship between parent and child, where the parental and filial relationships determine the proportion between humans and those around them. Similarly, ownership determines the proportion between humans and wealth.

By understanding these concepts related to wealth and ownership, I can apply and consider scenarios in current reality. For example, by understanding the concept of ownership of wealth, society will be more aware of the property rights of individuals. An example is the category of physical ownership of property without benefit. Suppose a tenant, who has the right to benefit from a rental house, modifies the house as they please without the owner's knowledge or intentionally damages parts of the house. In that case, the tenant does not have the right to the physical property and has infringed on the owner's rights, which is prohibited by Shariah. Therefore, a good understanding of ownership rights is necessary today to avoid oppression or abuse against others, knowingly or unknowingly.

But how can this understanding be instilled in society? One way is for local mosque congregations to hold lectures related to the issues of wealth and ownership, so the community is aware and can avoid conflicts due to misunderstandings. Additionally, every right owner should read and understand all agreements they enter into to be aware of their property ownership rights.

The concept of wealth and ownership, along with the overall concept of muamalat, is very interesting to study because it is closely related to our daily affairs. Through understanding this topic, I am personally excited to learn more in-depth about it. I have seen theoretical and real-life cases related to wealth and ownership issues that I could not previously conceptualize or summarize until I studied this topic. The basic concepts of wealth and ownership have provided me with insight and understanding of current realities.

The second meaning is more general, where it doesn't necessarily require two parties in all situations. It can occur from one party, such as in divorce (talak), the emancipation of a slave, and other similar acts. It can also occur from two parties. It is defined as any verbal action that brings about a legal ruling, whether it occurs between two parties or from one party.

As studied, an akad has its pillars and conditions, starting from the utterance of the akad, the parties involved, the state of the akad, and the conditions of the akad itself. Through understanding this topic, society can know how an akad that is valid according to Shariah should be conducted and the various types of akad that can be performed.

For example, the concept of wakalah is applied in modern times with the presence of business agents, takaful agents, real estate agents, and car sales agents who act as intermediaries for companies.

However, problems can arise if the concept of akad is not clearly understood by society. For instance, one of the issues in the concept of wakalah when not conducted transparently is the risk of dishonesty by the agent. Nowadays, it is common to see real estate agents holding their clients' money. Therefore, clients who appoint an agent need to understand the extent of the agent's authority to prevent any misconduct by the agent and to track all transactions conducted by the agent, especially when large sums of money are involved.

Understanding the concept of akad, along with its pillars and conditions, is crucial for our daily lives as we may engage in such contracts someday. Therefore, I feel personally responsible for acquiring this knowledge.

Linguistically: Generally means a mistake.

Terminologically: An assumption in one's mind that perceives something to be a certain way when in fact it is not.

Example: Someone buys a shirt thinking it is made of cotton, but later finds out it is made of polyester.

Meaning of Ghubn

Linguistically: Someone who deceives in buying and selling; weak or deficient.

Terminologically: Reducing one of the two items in an exchange where one item becomes less than it should be in comparison to the other item at the time of the contract.

Ghubn Yassir

Goods sold at a price that is still reasonable.

Example: Buying mineral water at a gas station knowing it is cheaper at a supermarket or convenience store but still buying it at the gas station for convenience and speed.

Ghubn Fahisy

Goods of clearly cheap quality being sold at a high price. This type of ghubn is permissible if there is no element of fraud, but it can be considered invalid according to the Hanbali school of thought.

Example: Someone sells a G-Shock watch for RM 2000 when it is not worth that price. Someone unfamiliar with the brand buys it, believing it is a good investment due to the seller's manipulation. Therefore, scholars unanimously prohibit ghubn involving fraud.

Meaning of Taghrir

Linguistically: Fraud.

Terminologically: Fraud committed to influence the deceived party to enter into a contract they believe will benefit them, but it does not.

- Taghrir can involve words, actions, or concealment of facts. The effect of such actions can lead to gharar (uncertainty) in the contract, and scholars unanimously prohibit taghrir.

Meaning of Ikrah

Linguistically: Burdening someone with something they dislike.

Terminologically: Forcing someone to do something they dislike, both naturally and legally, prioritizing it to avoid something worse.

There are two types of coercion:

1. Ikrah Muljil: Threatened with death or complete destruction of property.

2. Ikrah Ghairu Muljil: Causing inconvenience to the coerced person with beatings or partial destruction of property.

Relevance of These Concepts in Modern Reality:

These concepts are very relevant today as they are often used to manipulate others, especially in this advanced era.

Ghalat: Often occurs when buyers make online purchases where sellers intentionally or mistakenly put incorrect specifications in product descriptions.

Ghubn: Happens when buyers are manipulated into buying products that are not worth the price, such as scams selling iPhones at prices lower than the market value which are either unusable or do not meet the brand's specifications.

Ikrah: Can occur in forced marriages. However, it can be considered valid if consent appears after the coercion is removed, according to the Hanafi school of thought.

Example: A man is forced to marry a woman he does not know, but later he consents after being satisfied with her appearance and character.

Overcoming Defects in Contracts in the Modern Era:

- Use of Technology: Users can track scammers who sell fake goods through various applications.

- Market Price Awareness: Consumers need to be smart and aware of current market prices to avoid manipulation.

- Knowledge and Awareness: Understanding these concepts is crucial so that we do not engage in prohibited actions and oppress others.

In conclusion, understanding concepts like ghalat, ghubn, taghrir, and ikrah is essential to avoid fraud and manipulation in transactions. This knowledge helps us make wiser and more ethical decisions in our daily lives.

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