Intrauterine Insemination (IUI): Sperm is placed directly into the uterus during ovulation to increase chances of fertilization.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): Eggs are fertilized with sperm in a lab and then implanted into the uterus. This is one of the most successful treatments for various causes of infertility.

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI): A single sperm is injected directly into an egg, often used when sperm quality is poor.

Donor eggs or sperm: Used when one partner cannot produce viable gametes.

ii. Explanation of method:
In IVF, the ovum (egg) is removed from the woman’s ovary and fertilised by the man's sperm outside the body, usually in a laboratory. After successful fertilisation and embryo formation, the embryo is implanted back into the woman’s uterus. This method is used when the Fallopian tubes are blocked or when other fertility treatments have failed. IVF increases the chances of pregnancy for couples who have difficulty conceiving naturally.

Hormone treatment

ii. Explanation of method:

Hormone treatment is given to women to regulate and stimulate irregular menstrual cycles. Medications such as clomiphene citrate help stimulate the ovaries to produce eggs normally. This increases the chances of ovulation and pregnancy. The doctor may also monitor ovulation and suggest the best time for intercourse to increase the likelihood of conception.

this treatment is suitable for individuals with imbalanced hormones.It is done by injecting hormones

One of the most important steps is protecting yourself from sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, which can cause serious damage to the reproductive organs if left untreated. Using protection during sex and getting regular STI screenings can help prevent long-term complications. Maintaining a healthy weight is another key factor. Being either underweight or overweight can disrupt hormonal balance and interfere with ovulation or sperm production. A balanced diet, regular exercise, and managing weight can significantly improve reproductive health. Additionally, avoiding harmful substances like tobacco and excessive alcohol is crucial. Smoking and heavy drinking are known to reduce both egg and sperm quality, so quitting these habits can naturally boost fertility for both men and women.

Explanation of method: In Vitro Fertilization is a highly effective assisted reproductive technology used when natural conception is challenging due to issues like blocked fallopian tubes—as in Mrs. Chong’s case.

. Surgery is done on woman who have blockage in the fallopian tube or men who have blockage in their sperm duct .