2. Ekaterina Silina:

   Institute of Biodesign and Modeling of Complex Systems, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Street 8, 119991 Moscow, Russia; ur.liam@aniretakeanilis

3. Victor Stupin:

   Department of Hospital Surgery No 1, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Ostrovityanova Street 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; ur.kb@rotcivts

4. Natalia Manturova:

   Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cosmetology and Cell Technologies, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; ur.xednay@ilatanavorutnam

5. Saravana Babu Chidambaram:

   Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; ni.ude.inussj@c.ubabanavaras

6. Raghu Ram Achar:

   Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India

   Correspondence: ni.ude.inussj@ayrahcarr; Tel.: +91-9535413026

2. Fariba Aghabaglou:

   Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68508, USA.

   
   

3. Ian Ghanavati:

   Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68508, USA.

   
   

4. Ali Tamayol:

   Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68508, USA. (900 N16th Street, Room NH W332, Lincoln, NE, 68508; Tel: (402) 472-1601, ude.lnu@loyamata, Twitter: @lab_limb)

   
   

5. Sara Saheb Kashaf:

   The University of Chicago Medical Scientist Training Program, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

   
   

Introduction:

Throughout the research article, the authors studied different dressings, applications of dressings, key findings, and pros and cons of each.

The main goal in wound healing is to mimic characteristics of fetal tissue regeneration in the adult healing phase, including complete hair and glandular restoration without delay or scarring (N. Ranju et al., 2022).

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Study Findings:

A smart and multifunctional dressing material must be applied based on the wound type. Some things that need to considered when choosing the ideal dressing for optimal wound healing:

1. the proficiency to establish a damp environment

2. to facilitate movements in the epidermis

3. to encourage blood vessel formation and tissue regeneration

4. to provide good permeability for oxygen and water vapor

5. to ensure a decent heat in the wound site to stimulate the circulation of blood

6. to be easily removed

7. to encourage debridement and to promote leukocyte movement and enzyme build-up

8. sterile, non-toxic, and allergy free

9. biocompatible and effective drug administration

10. high absorption potential for wound exudates

Wound dressings today come in many shapes and sizes and include hydrogels, gauze, foams, films, topical formulas, and nanofiber composites.

Hydrogels:

• Wounds leaking little to none

• Painful/necrotic wounds

• Pressure ulcers and donor sites

• Second degree burns

• Infected wounds

Film:

• Partial-thickness wounds

• Donor sites and lacerations

• Stage I and Stage II pressure ulcers

Sponge:

• Venous diabetic ulcers

• Tunneling wounds with heavy exudate

• Tracheostomy and Gastrostomy tubes

Foam:

• Minor burns and skin grafts

• Pressure and diabetic ulcers

• Draining peritoneal wounds

• Tracheostomy and Gastrostomy tubes

Gauze:

• Infected wounds

• Wounds that require packing

• Frequent dressing changes

Nanocomposite:

• A wide variety of wounds depending on the combination dressing

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Conclusion:

Multifunctional dressings investigation focuses primarily on those that encapsulate bioactive substances, sustain drug release, are stimuli sensitive, homeostatic, and have plenty of other prospects for clinical benefits. Some of these products do not release biologicals that directly enhance the healing process. These studies can be considered viable to come extent. Despite the emergence of multiple trials with abundant treatments, there is a lack of high-quality evidence (N. Raju et al., 2022).

Emerging treatments based on biomaterials, nanoparticles, and proteases with biomimetic properties hold much potential for improving wound care and will be a valuable addition to the therapeutic toolbox for treating slow-healing wounds (N. Raju et al., 2022).

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Reference for Study Findings:

Raju, N. R., Silina , E., Stupin , V., Manturova , N., Chidambaram, S. B., & Achar, R. R. (2022, July 28). Multifunctional and Smart Wound Dressings—A Review on Recent Research Advancements in Skin Regenerative Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9414988/

Introduction:

Chronic non-healing wounds is a major challenged faced today in healthcare and affect a large number of people, serving as a financial burden, and is a leading cause of limb amputation (H. Derakhshandeh et al., 2018).

Wound care technology should:

1. Create a moist, clean, and warm environment

2. Protect the wound bed from mechanical trauma and bacterial infiltrations

3. modulate exudate level

4. allow for gas exchange

5. promote thermal insulation

6. be non-toxic and non-allergenic

7. deliver therapeutic compounds essential for healing with optimal temporal profile

It is expected that the next generation of multifunctional "smart" dressings will lead to a paradigm shift in wound care (H. Derakhshandeh et al., 2018).

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Study Findings:

These authors and researchers have found that the need for smart bandages in wound care has increased drastically over time. Limitations of current wound care technologies have been found and include:

• correct utilization of antibiotics where improper and prophylactic use can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

• increased cost of treatment and visits for wound cleaning/redressing increase

• inability to provide data about the status of the wound bed and its healing rate

• wound care dressings are passive and cannot actively respond to variations in the wound environment

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Dressings with integrated sensors can provide important information that could expedite decisions, reduce healthcare costs and time of hospitalizations.

• pH Sensors:

  • Elevated pH in wound bed is a sign of infection

• Temperature:

  • provides information such as healing, infection, and inflammation in the wound bed

• Oxygen:

  • Hypoxia may be detrimental to the healing process and can indicate rate of angiogenesis

• Moisture:

  • Reduces inflammation and enhances proliferative phase of dermal repair and rate of revascularization compared to dry wound conditions

• Mechanical and Electrical:

  • change in response to skin disorders or diseases as well as during the healing process

• Enzymes:

  • the up or down regulation of enzyme levels can indicate abnormalities

• Active Drug Release:

  • Enable the precise control of temporal or even spatial release profile and release drugs in response to external stimulation that drives the drug toward the wound bed.

• Automated Wound Dressings:

  • systems that can sense and interpret data and decide on the delivery of therapeutics

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Conclusions:

There is a continually growing number of chronic wounds from diabetic patients, burns, pressure ulcers, and other wounds. To aid in the advancement of affected patients, healthcare has put forth substantial efforts to develop more effective therapies to enhance wound bed healing.

Recent developments in the field of flexible and wearable electronics had brought forth a new generation of wound dressings that help understand the wound conditions or the interface of tissue healing.

Smart systems, which sense, respond, report, or a combination of these, can address many of the challenges associated with wound healing, particularly for chronic wounds.

Smart systems may also promote better wound management, improving clinical outcomes by means such as detecting infection in a timely manner or providing alerts for patients.

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References for Study Findings:

Derakhshandeh, H., Kashaf, S. S., Aghabaglou, F., Ghanavati, I. O., & Tamayol, A. (2018, December). Smart bandages: The Future of Wound Care. Trends in Biotechnology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6511580/

Although I think this would be immensely beneficial, researchers and developers still have a lot of work to do in making these "smart bandages" affordable and a first line of defense against chronic non-healing wounds.