World History: Around the globe [7B] by Nuno Rodrigues

Conquest of Ceuta (1415)

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

In August 1415, King John I of Portugal, supported by his sons Prince Henry the Navigator, Prince Duarte, and Prince Pedro, led a large fleet to capture the North African city of Ceuta. The victory gave Portugal control over a strategic trading hub between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, strengthening its influence in maritime trade routes.
The conquest marked the beginning of Portugal’s overseas empire, serving both as a religious crusade against Islam and as a stepping stone toward exploration along the African coast, laying the foundations of the Age of Discoveries.

Sources:

- Diffie, Bailey W., and George D. Winius. Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580. University of Minnesota Press, 1977;

- Russell, Peter. Prince Henry 'the Navigator': A Life. Yale University Press, 2000.

Battle of Waterloo (June 18, 1815)

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

Battle of Waterloo was the last battle of Napoleon I. It was an important event since on June 22nd, four days after the final defeat of the French emperor, he abdicated leading to the end of Napoleonic wars which were a 23 year old series of brutal warfare between France and other European countries.

Three days before the battle, on June 15 napoleon crossed the River Sambre and invaded what is now Belgium. the next day the French defeated the Prussians and they lost over 20,000 people. Napoleon's army lost only half that number.

sources: Brain, Jessica. “The Battle of Waterloo.” Historic UK, 25 July 2023, www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Battle-Of-Waterloo/.

“Battle of Waterloo - the First Hours of Battle.” Encyclopedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Waterloo/The-first-hours-of-battle.

National Army Museum. “Battle of Waterloo | National Army Museum.” Nam.ac.uk, 2015, www.nam.ac.uk/explore/battle-waterloo.

Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

On November 9th 1989 was the fall of the Berlin Wall. It was build on the August 13th 1961. It was controlled by the German Democratic Republic. The Wall separated East Berlin from West Berlin. Many people in East Germany were unhappy, poor and because of that there were large demonstrations, most importantly in Leipzig.
The fall of the Berlin Wall ended the division of East and West Germany. It lead to more freedom for all the people in Germany. It symbolized the collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and Russia. There are still some remains of the Berlin Wall as a culture of memory.

sources: journal.lapub.co.uk
HISTORY.

the Tennis Court Oath (Serment du Jeu de Paume)

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

The Tennis Court Oath took place on June 20, 1789. During the French Revolution, the deputies of the Third Estate gathered in Versailles and swore not to separate until a constitution was established. This day became a symbol of the birth of the National Assembly and the beginning of the transfer of power from the king to the people. https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history

https://www.britannica.com/event/Tennis-Court-Oath

Group III

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

Group III

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

Battle of Gettysburg

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

This event happened on July 1–3, 1863. It happened in Gettysburg, where the Union Army fought against the Confederate Army. The fighting stopped the Confederate invasion of the North. In Gettysburg, about 51,000 soldiers died, making it the bloodiest battle of the war. On July 3, Pickett’s Charge was a failed Confederate assault that sealed the Union victory. The Union victory forced General Lee to retreat back to Virginia. This battle also inspired Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address in November 1863, which gave the war a new meaning by preserving freedom and equality. https://www.nps.gov/gett/index.htm https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/gettysburg?

https://www.gettysburgpa.gov/history/slideshows/battle-history?

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

• On May 9, 1846, the U.S President Polk started writing a message to Congress to argue for war. He said Mexico refused to pay U.S. claims and refused to meet with U.S. envoy Slidell. That evening, Polk learned Mexican troops had crossed the Rio Grande on April 25 and attacked General Taylor’s men, killing or wounding 16 soldiers. Polk quickly changed his message and, on May 11, told Congress that Mexico had invaded their land and spilled American blood on American soil.

• Because of the war, the United States gained a huge amount of land. This land later turned into the states of New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, California, Texas, and part of western Colorado. It was a really big change, because the U.S. became much larger, and these new areas would eventually become important states in the country.

Sources:

-“Mexican-American War.” Britannica Kids, 2024, kids.britannica.com/kids/article/Mexican-American-War/384647.

-Britannica. “Mexican-American War.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 Nov. 2018, www.britannica.com/event/Mexican-American-War.

Colonial & Military History

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

In June 1759, British General James Wolfe came with 150 or more ships, 13,500 sailors and crew, and an army of 8,500 soldiers to take over Québec City. French Lieutenant General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm got almost 15,000 troops to protect the city.

source Québec City, Fortress and Port (1756–1867)

worlds first atomic bomb drop

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

.In August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the worlds first atomic bomb in Hiroshima, Japan, killing more than 10,000 people causing a spread of destruction, the destruction of the bomb vaporised a very large part of the city of Hiroshima.

.And led to subsequent deaths from burns and radiation poisoning, ultimately pushed Japan's surrender and to end World War II.This event demonstrated the devastating power of atomic weapons and marked the beginning of the nuclear age.

Sources-google.com, search-what happened that was historical in japan Hiroshima what happened that was historical in Japan Hiroshima

Beijing: From the Birthplace of the People’s Republic to Olympic City

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

In 1945, after the surrender of Japan. The People's Republic of China was founded on 1st October 1949, when Chairman Mao Zedong solemnly proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China from the Tiananmen Gate.

The 2008 Beijing Olympics were held on August 8th, 2008, at 8 o'clock in the evening, in the capital city of the People's Republic of China, Beijing. There were 11,438 people participated. There were 28 big events and 302 small events. There was over 60,000 athletes, coaches and officials participated.

sources: https://www.britannica.com and https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/beijing-2008

Pokhran-II nuclear tests

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

On May 11, 1998, India carried out a set of underground nuclear tests at a place called Pokhran in Rajasthan. These tests were called Operation Shakti. Even though the tests happened in Pokhran, the big decisions were made in New Delhi.
The tests showed the world that India now had nuclear weapons. This was a very important moment in history because it gave India more power and respect in South Asia. But right after the tests, countries like the United States stopped trading and helping India in some ways. Still, India gained strategic strength and became part of the small group of nations with nuclear weapons.
Sources: “Timeline of New Delhi: Key Events and Milestones.” Timepath.org, 2020, timepath.org/new-delhi.

the reign of king David

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

King David began reigning Jerusalem after capturing it form the Jebusites. During his reign god made a covenant with him and he promised that his descendants would rule Israel forever. In total king David reigned Israel for 40 years, 33 years Jerusalem and 7 and 1/2 years Hebron.
king David died at 70 years old, he left a mark in Israel and he is remembered by a man after gods own heart. his long reign was later known as the "golden age" and king David was seen as a model king.
sources
Topical Bible: David's Reign in Jerusalem
The Many Faces of King David | My Jewish Learning

Accra Riots of 1948

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

This historical event happened on February 28, 1948, in Accra, Gold Coast. The ex-servicemen peacefully marched to demand their benefits, but the police shot at them, killing three. This led to riots and protests across Accra, which became an important step toward Ghana’s independence. Kwame Nkrumah and other future independence leaders gained support after the riots. https://praad.gov.gh/index.php/the-riots-of-28th-february-1948/? praad.gov.gh

The first site of the slave trade

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

Cape Town is recognized as the first place in Africa where Africans were taken from their homes and enslaved in Europe and America. Because of its location on the map Cape Town was a central point for ships carrying enslaved people from Asia and Africa. This led to Cape Town having rich culture, cuisine and history.

sources https://sahistory.org. histclo.com capetownmuseum.org.za

image by histclo.com

Post-Genocide Reconstruction of Kigali

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

In 1944 Rawanda (Kigali) they sufered one of the worst genocides in modern history. There was a estimte of 800,000 were killed. Kigali as the capital was mostly affected with many neighberhoods destroyed. Infrastructure was in ruins and the social fabric was completly destroyed.

Six-Day War

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

On, the 5th of June 1967, The Six-Day War was a conflict between Israel and the countries next to Egypt such as, Jordan, and Syria, starting from June 5 to June 10, 1967. It was 5-6 days long! Egypt’s barrier of the Straits of Tiran and the Removal of the United Nations peacekeeping forces from the Sinai Peninsula were key triggers of the of the war. The war resulted in Israel capturing the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. This conflict significantly changed the geopolitical landscape of the Middle East and had lasting effects on Egyptian territory and politics.

The outcome and impact of, the war in today´s days, The war has. Fifty years ago, The Six-Day War turned the Middle East upside down. Hardly any other war has changed the political landscape of a region so fast and primarlly.

Timeline of Cairo: A Journey through Time.” Timepath.org, 2015, timepath.org/cairo. Accessed 9 Sept. 2025.World History Edu. “What Was the Six-Day War? – History, Causes, Casualties, & Consequences - World History Edu.” World History Edu, 6 Apr. 2023, worldhistoryedu.com/what-was-the-six-day-war-history-causes-casualties-consequences/.

Great Trunk Line

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

-On the 26 of September 1855 the first railway line in the NSW was opened. The 22km "Great Trunk Line" worked from Redfern Sydney to Parramatta with stations at Newtown, Ashfield, Burwood, Homebush, & Parramatta Junction at Granville. The Sydney station was on the south side of Devonshire Street, just south of the current location of Central Station.

-This was an important moment in the region's transportation history, making it easier & faster to move people & goods. The establishment of the railway helped to spread economic growth & urban development across Sydney & beyond.

(“Timeline of Sydney: Key Historical Events”)

(“26 Sep 1855 - First Railway Line Opened”)

Founding of Canberra (1913)

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

On 12 March 1913, Lady Denman the wife of Governor-General announced that Canberra was the name of Australia’s new national capital. Just as construction of the city got underway, Canberra’s development was delayed by both world wars and the Great Depression.
The 2025-26 Infrastructure Investment Program (IIP) continues the Government’s ideas to invest for economic growth and community wellbeing, through significant investment in once-in-a-generation infrastructure that will meet the needs of Canberra’s growing population and enhance its liveability.
This Budget delivers infrastructure investment that promotes lots job creation, enables future housing needs and improves service delivery while ensuring that our investments are made strategically, are deliverable and well targeted to future community needs.
The IIP forecasts expenditure of $1.8 billion in 2025-26 and $8.1 billion over the five years to 2029-30. The five-year program includes $5.8 billion investment in the General Government Sector (GGS) and $2.3 billion by Public Trading Enterprises (PTEs).

source Infrastructure Investment Program - Budget 2025-26 , Founding of Canberra | National Museum of Australia

Group II

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

On September 24, 1572, Túpac Amaru, considered the last Inca emperor, was captured and executed by the Spanish colonial authorities in Cusco. This execution marked the final suppression of major organized Inca resistance and symbolized the collapse of remaining Inca political power. Túpac Amaru was captured after a prolonged struggle against the Spanish forces who sought to solidify their control over the Andes and suppress indigenous insurrections. His execution was intended to deter further rebellion but eventually became a powerful symbol of resistance for future generations seeking to honor Inca heritage and resist colonial oppression.

Túpac Amaru II born in 1738-1781 was a Peruvian Indian a descendant of the last Inca ruler with whom he was identified when he led the Peruvian peasants in an unsuccessful rebellion against Spanish rule today Túpac Amaru II would be 287 years old.

Túpac Amaru II: Birthday & Death (1738-1781), Age and Zodiac

Comprehensive Timeline of Cusco: Historical Highlights and Key Events

Group I

nunorodriguesre — 2025-09-08 08:37:36 UTC

Back in 1541 Santiago was found by a great conqistador named Pedro de Valdivia and named the city Santiago del Nuevo Extremo. This city was originally found by the Picunche Indians who were placed under the Spanish rule. Later on Santiago made a remarcable growth and developedmente becoming the capital of Chile in 1818.
This historic event is really important because though it is a small city it faced alot of challenges like: Earthquakes, floods and civil unrests but it has countiue to thrive as a cultural economic center in the region.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

2025-09-09 07:57:09 UTC

◦The document that was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 that announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies from Great Britain.

◦In 1787, the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were written and signed at Independence Hall, marking the official birthplace of America.

Source:

Info:

“About Philadelphia: A City of Firsts | PHL.org.” Www.phl.org, www.phl.org/at-phl/art-exhibitions/art-exhibitions-archives/node/349.

‌Info:

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Declaration of Independence | History, Significance, & Text.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 24 May 2018, www.britannica.com/topic/Declaration-of-Independence.

Photo:

“Visiting Independence Hall - Independence National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service).” Nps.gov, 2016, www.nps.gov/inde/planyourvisit/independencehall.htm.

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